RILEM Recommendations for the Prevention of Damage by Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in New Concrete Structures (eBook)

State-of-the-Art Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 219-ACS

Philip J. Nixon, Ian Sims (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2015 | 1st ed. 2016
XVI, 168 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-94-017-7252-5 (ISBN)

Infos

This book contains the full set of RILEM Recommendations which have been produced to enable engineers, specifiers and testing houses to design and produce concrete which will not suffer damage arising from alkali reactions in the concrete. There are five recommended test methods for aggregates (designated AAR-1 to AAR-5), and an overall recommendation which describes how these should be used to enable a comprehensive aggregate assessment (AAR-0). Additionally, there are two Recommended International Specifications for concrete (AAR-7.1 & 7.2) and a Preliminary International Specification for dams and other hydro structures (AAR-7.3), which describe how the aggregate assessment can be combined with other measures in the design of the concrete to produce a concrete with a minimised risk of developing damage from alkali-aggregate reactions.

Inhalt

RILEM Publications 6
Contents 16
1 Introduction 18
2 RILEM Recommended Test Method: AAR-0---Outline Guide to the Use of RILEM Methods in the Assessment of the Alkali-Reactivity Potential of Aggregates 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Aggregate Assessment 22
3 Principle 24
4 Samples 25
5 Petrographical Examination: AAR-1.1 & 1.2
6 Accelerated Mortar-Bar Testing: AAR-2 27
7 38 ?C Concrete Prism Testing: AAR-3 28
8 60 ?C Concrete Prism Testing: AAR-4.1 30
9 Carbonate Aggregate Testing: AAR-5 30
10 Precision of the RILEM Methods 31
10.1 Rilem AAR-2 32
10.2 Rilem AAR-3 32
10.3 RILEM AAR-4 (Wrapped Prism Method) 33
11 Releasable Alkalis 33
12 Conclusions 33
Annex A: Assessment of Carbonate Rock Aggregates for Reactivity Potential 34
A1 Scope 34
A2 Definitions 34
A2.1 Alkali Carbonate Reaction (ACR) 34
A2.2 Carbonate Rock 35
A2.3 Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks 35
A2.4 Metamorphic Carbonate Rocks 35
A2.5 Dedolomitization 35
A2.6 Chemical Reaction of Dolomite in Concrete 35
A3 Principles 36
A4 Assessment Using XRF Analysis (Optional Method) 36
A5 Assessment Using XRD Analysis (Optional Method) 38
A6 Assessment Using SEM/EPMA Analysis (Optional Method) 39
A7 Assessment of Reactivity According to AAR-5 39
A8 Assessment of Reactivity Using AAR-3 and/or AAR-4.1 40
A9 Limitations and Need for Research 40
Annex B: Guide to Reference Materials 41
B1 Preamble 41
B2 Introduction 41
B3 Selected Reference Materials 42
B3.1 High-Alkali Cement 42
B3.2 Reactive Aggregates---ASR 42
B3.3 Reactive Aggregates---Carbonate 45
B3.4 Non-reactive Aggregate 49
B4 Test Accessories 49
B4.1 Storage Containers for Concrete Prisms 49
B4.2 Reactor Storage for Concrete Prisms 49
References 50
3 RILEM Recommended Test Method:AAR-1.1---Detection of Potential Alkali-Reactivity---Part 1: Petrographic Examination Method 52
1 Foreword 52
2 Scope 53
3 Preparatory Information 55
3.1 Geological Information 55
3.2 Reactive Aggregates 55
3.3 Mineral and Rock Nomenclature 56
4 Apparatus 56
4.1 Preparation of Samples 56
4.2 Macroscopic Assessment 56
4.3 Thin-Section Petrography Using a Microscope 57
5 Sampling and Laboratory Preparation 57
5.1 Sampling 57
5.2 Qualitative Examination of Laboratory Samples 58
5.3 Preparation of Sample Material for Testing 59
5.4 Preparation of Thin-Sections from Particulate Materials 59
6 Petrographic Analysis 60
6.1 Overall Considerations 60
6.2 General Method 60
6.3 Procedure for Macroscopic Petrography 61
6.4 Procedure for Thin-Section Petrography 61
6.5 Crushing of Coarse Aggregate Material 64
7 Classification 64
8 Report 65
Annex A: Definitions 66
Andesite 66
Argillite, Argillaceous 66
Basalt 67
Chalcedony 67
Chert, Flint 67
Clays, Clay Minerals 67
Cristobalite 68
Cryptocrystalline 68
Diorite 68
Dolomite 68
Glass (Natural, Industrial) 69
Gneiss 69
Grain, Subgrain 69
Granite, Granodiorite 69
Granulite 70
Greywacke 70
Hornfels 70
Limestone, Chalk, Marl 70
Microcrystalline 71
Moganite 71
Mudstone 71
Mylonite, Pseudotachylite, Fault Breccia/Gouge, Cataclasite 71
Myrmekite 72
Opal, Opaline Silica 72
Particle 72
Quartz 72
Quartzite 73
Rhyolite 73
Sandstone, Siltstone 73
Slate 73
Tridymite 74
Tuff 74
Undulatory Extinction 74
Annex B: Estimation of Absolute Error in Counting Analysis 74
References 76
4 RILEM Recommended Test Method: AAR-2---Detection of Potential Alkali-Reactivity---Accelerated Mortar-Bar Test Method for Aggregates 78
1 Foreword 78
2 Scope 78
3 Significance and Use 78
4 Principle 79
5 Apparatus 79
5.1 Sieves 79
5.2 Balance 79
5.3 Measuring Cylinders 79
5.4 Mixer, Paddle and Mixing Bowl 80
5.5 Flow Table 80
5.6 Mould for Flow Test 80
5.7 Tamper for the Flow Table 80
5.8 Prism Moulds 80
5.9 Tamper for the Prism Moulds 81
5.10 Length Comparator 81
5.11 Containers 81
5.12 Storage 81
5.13 Oven 83
5.14 Crusher 83
6 Reagents and Materials 83
6.1 Water 83
6.2 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (NaOH) 83
6.3 Cement 83
7 Procedure 84
7.1 Preparation of the Aggregate Sample 84
7.1.1 Natural Fine Aggregate 84
7.1.2 Crushed Fine Aggregate 84
7.1.3 Coarse Aggregate 85
7.1.4 Fine and Coarse Aggregate 85
7.1.5 Final Aggregate Preparation 85
7.1.6 Combining the Aggregates 85
7.2 Conditioning 86
7.3 Proportioning of Mortar 86
7.4 Moulding Test Specimens 86
7.5 Initial Curing and Measurement 87
7.6 Final Storage and Measurement 87
7.7 Safety Measures 88
8 Calculation and Reporting of Results 88
8.1 Expansion 88
8.2 Expansion Recording and Further Examination 89
9 Test Report 90
Annex 90
A2 Scope 90
A3 Significance and Use 91
A7.1 Preparation of the Aggregate Sample 91
A7.1.2 Crushed Fine Aggregate 91
A7.1.6 Combining the Aggregates 91
A8 Calculations and Reporting of Results 92
References 93
5 RILEM Recommended Test Method: AAR-3---Detection of Potential Alkali-Reactivity---38 ?C Test Method for Aggregate Combinations Using Concrete Prisms 95
1 Foreword 95
2 Scope 95
3 Principle 96
4 Apparatus 96
4.1 Sieves 96
4.2 Moulds 96
4.3 Length Comparator 96
4.4 Standard Length Gauge 97
4.5 Weighing Device 97
4.6 Concrete Mixing and Casting Equipment 97
4.7 Specimen Storage 97
4.8 Casting and Curing Environment 98
4.9 Measurement Environment 98
5 Materials 98
5.1 Sodium Hydroxide 98
5.2 Portland Cement 99
5.3 Aggregates 99
5.3.1 Standard Aggregate Materials Test 99
5.3.2 Alternative Test with Variable Aggregate Proportions 100
6 Concrete Mix Design 100
7 Test Specimens 101
8 Storage and Measurement 102
8.1 Initial Measurement Procedure 102
8.2 Procedures for Length and Weight Measurements 102
8.3 Measurement Timetable 103
9 Expression and Reporting Results 103
9.1 Calculations 103
9.2 Reporting 104
Annex A---Additional Information 106
A4.7 Specimen Storage 106
A4.8 Casting, Curing and Measuring Environment 106
A5.2 Calculation of Sodium Hydroxide to Be Added to the Mixing Water 106
A5.3 Aggregates---Standard Aggregate Materials Test 108
A6 Concrete Mix Design 109
References 112
6 RILEM Recommended Test Method: AAR-4.1---Detection of Potential Alkali-Reactivity---60 ?C Test Method for Aggregate Combinations Using Concrete Prisms 114
1 Foreword 114
2 Scope 114
3 Principle 114
4 Apparatus 115
4.1 Sieve 115
4.2 Moulds 115
4.3 Length Comparator 115
4.4 Standard Length Gauge 115
4.5 Weighing Device 116
4.6 Concrete Mixing and Casting Equipment 116
4.7 Specimen Storage 116
4.8 Casting and Curing Environment 116
4.8.1 Measurement Environment 116
5 Materials 117
5.1 Sodium Hydroxide 117
5.2 Portland Cement 119
5.3 Aggregates 119
5.3.1 Standard Aggregate Materials Test 119
5.3.2 Alternative Test with Variable Aggregate Proportions 120
6 Concrete Mix Design 120
7 Test Specimens 121
8 Storage and Measurements 122
8.1 Initial Measurement Procedure 122
8.2 Procedures for Length and Weight Measurements 122
8.3 Measurement Timetable 123
9 Expression and Reporting Results 124
9.1 Calculations 124
9.2 Reporting 124
Annex A---Additional Information 125
A4.8 Casting and Measurement Environment 125
A5.2 Calculation of Sodium Hydroxide to Be Added to the Mixing Water 126
A5.3 Aggregate---Standard Aggregate Materials Test 126
A6 Concrete Mix Design 127
References 131
7 RILEM Recommended Test Method: AAR-5---Detection of Potential Alkali-Reactivity---Rapid Preliminary Screening Test for Carbonate Aggregates 132
1 Foreword 132
2 Scope 133
3 Principle 133
4 Apparatus 134
4.1 Crusher 134
4.2 Sieves 134
4.3 Balance 134
4.4 Measuring Cylinders 134
4.5 Mixer, Paddle and Mixing Bowl 135
4.6 Flow Table 135
4.7 Mould for Flow Test 135
4.8 Tamper for the Flow Table 135
4.9 Bar Moulds 135
4.10 Tamper for the Bar Moulds 135
4.11 Vibrating Table 136
4.12 Length Comparator 136
4.13 Containers 136
4.14 Storage 136
5 Reagents and Materials 137
5.1 Water 137
5.2 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (NaOH) 137
5.3 Cement 137
6 Procedure 137
6.1 Preparation of the Aggregate Sample 137
6.1.1 Natural 4/8 mm Aggregate 138
6.1.2 Aggregate greaterthan 8 mm 138
6.1.3 Samples to be Tested 138
6.2 Conditioning 138
6.3 Proportioning of the Mix 138
6.4 Moulding Test Specimens 139
6.5 Initial Curing and Measurement 140
6.6 Final Storage and Measurement 140
6.7 Safety Measures 141
7 Calculation and Reporting of Results 142
7.1 Expansion 142
7.2 Expansion Recording and Further Examination 142
8 Test Report 143
Annex 144
A2 SCOPE---Reference Aggregates 144
A3 PRINCIPLE---Influence of the Size of the Aggregate 144
A6.3 Proportioning of the Concrete---Example of Calculation of NaOH Addition 144
References 145
8 RILEM Recommended Specification: AAR-7.1---International Specification to Minimise Damage from Alkali Reactions in Concrete---Part 1: Alkali-Silica Reaction 146
1 General 146
2 Determining the Level of Precaution 148
2.1 Structural Needs and Service Life 148
2.2 Characterisation of the Environment 148
2.3 The Level of Precaution 150
3 Specifications Appropriate to the Level of Precaution 151
3.1 Level of Precaution P1 151
3.2 Level of Precaution P2 152
3.3 Level of Precaution P3 152
3.4 Level of Precaution P4 152
4 The Precautionary Measures 153
4.1 Precautionary Measure M1: Limiting the Alkalinity of the Pore Solution 153
4.1.1 Limitation of the Alkali Content in the Concrete 153
4.1.2 Use of Fly Ash, Slag, Other Pozzolanas and Other Mineral Additions 156
4.2 Precautionary Measure M2: Ensuring the Use of a Non-reactive Aggregate Combination 158
4.3 Precautionary Measure M3: Reducing Moisture Access and Maintaining the Concrete Sufficiently Dry 158
4.4 Precautionary Measure M4: Modifying the Properties of the Gel Such that It Is Non-expansive 159
9 RILEM Recommended Specification: AAR-7.2---International Specification to Minimise Damage from Alkali Reactions in Concrete---Part 2: Alkali-Carbonate Reaction 161
1 General 161
2 Determining the Level of Precaution 162
2.1 Structural Needs and Service Life 162
2.2 Characterisation of the Environment 164
2.3 The Level of Precaution 164
3 Specification to Avoid Damaging Alkali Reactions in Concrete Containing Carbonate Aggregates 164
3.1 Identification of Potentially Deleterious Carbonate Rocks 166
3.2 Precautionary Measures in Concrete Containing Potentially Reactive Carbonate Rocks 166
3.2.1 Level of Precaution P1 167
3.2.2 Levels of Precaution P2, P3 and P4 167
References 167
10 RILEM Recommended Specification: AAR-7.3 Preliminary International Specification to Minimise Damage from Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in Concrete---Part 3: Concrete Dams and Other Hydro Structures 168
1 Introduction 168
2 General Principles for Avoiding Damage from Alkali Reactions 168
2.1 Necessary Level of Precaution 169
2.2 The Available Precautionary Measures 169
3 Application to Large-Scale, Long Service Life Structures Such as Dams 170
3.1 Necessary Level of Precaution 170
3.2 Precautionary Measures: Special Factors Affecting Large-Scale, Long-Service Structures 171
4 Prevention by Choice of Materials 172
4.1 Cementitious Materials 172
4.2 Aggregate Assessment 174
4.3 Expansion Limits: Special Factors When Testing for Dams 174
4.4 Performance Tests 176
4.5 Alkalis in Aggregates 177
4.6 Synergistic Effects 178
5 Prevention by Structural Design 178
6 Summary of Precautions for Large-Scale, Long-Service Structures 179
References 180

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.9.2015
• Reihe/Serie: RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports
• Reihe/Serie: RILEM State-of-the-Art Reports
• Zusatzinfo: XVI, 168 p. 20 illus.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Schlagworte: Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity • Concrete damage • Petrography and Testing • Recommended International Specifications for Concrete • RILEM Recommendations
• ISBN-10: 94-017-7252-5 / 9401772525
• ISBN-13: 978-94-017-7252-5 / 9789401772525