Corrosion Engineering (eBook)

Principles and Solved Problems

Branko N. Popov (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2015 | 1. Auflage
792 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-444-62727-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Corrosion Engineering: Principles and Solved Problems covers corrosion engineering through an extensive theoretical description of the principles of corrosion theory, passivity and corrosion prevention strategies and design of corrosion protection systems. The book is updated with results published in papers and reviews in the last twenty years. Solved corrosion case studies, corrosion analysis and solved corrosion problems in the book are presented to help the reader to understand the corrosion fundamental principles from thermodynamics and electrochemical kinetics, the mechanism that triggers the corrosion processes at the metal interface and how to control or inhibit the corrosion rates. The book covers the multidisciplinary nature of corrosion engineering through topics from electrochemistry, thermodynamics, mechanical, bioengineering and civil engineering. - Addresses the corrosion theory, passivity, material selections and designs - Covers extensively the corrosion engineering protection strategies - Contains over 500 solved problems, diagrams, case studies and end of chapter problems - Could be used as a text in advanced/graduate corrosion courses as well self-study reference for corrosion engineers

Branko N. Popov is Carolina Distinguished Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, USA is. He has established at USC an internationally recognized research program in corrosion and electrochemical engineering and is among the world's most highly cited and respected researchers in the field. In the last four years, his work at University of South Carolina led to research grants of $10M from the government and industry. During his seventeen years of service at USC and as the Director of the Centre for Electrochemical engineering. his research group has published 220 peer-reviewed articles, 52 proceeding volume articles, and 13 book chapters. His research group presented more than 220 conference papers on the National and International Conferences organized globally. His research group presented more than 235 conference papers on the National and International Conferences organized globally. He has received funding from DOE, NSF, ONR, ARMY, Reconnaissance Office, NRO, NASA, AESF, DOT and private companies. Dr. Popov has been included in the lists in 2014 and 2015 of ISI Highly Cited Researchers, which represents a world's leading scientist, according to Tomson Reuters. According to Scholar Commons, his papers were accessed more than 53,500 times.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Corrosion Engineering: Principles and Solved Problems 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Acknowledgment 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1: Evaluation of Corrosion 20
1.1. Significance and Cost of Corrosion 21
1.2. Definition 21
1.3. Conditions for the Initiation of Corrosion 22
1.4. Electrochemical Polarization 23
1.5. Passivity 25
1.6. Types of Corrosion 27
1.7. Brief Description of Different Types of Corrosion 28
1.7.1. Uniform corrosion 28
1.7.2. Galvanic corrosion 28
1.7.3. Pitting corrosion 30
1.7.4. Crevice corrosion 33
1.7.5. Filiform corrosion 34
1.7.6. Stress corrosion cracking 35
1.7.7. Metallurgy of SCC 36
1.7.8. Solid solution composition and grain boundary segregation 37
1.7.9. Alloy phase transformation and associated solute depleted zones 37
1.7.10. Duplex structure 39
1.7.11. Cold work 39
1.7.12. Hydrogen embrittlement 40
1.7.13. Corrosion fatigue cracking 41
1.8. Corrosion Rate Determination 43
1.8.1. Calculation of corrosion rate form corrosion current 43
References 45
Chapter 2: Thermodynamics in the Electrochemical Reactions of Corrosion 48
2.1. Introduction 49
2.2. Electrochemical Corrosion 49
2.3. Thermodynamics of Corrosion Processes 51
2.4. Equilibrium Electrode Potentials 54
2.5. Electrochemical Half-Cells and Electrode Potentials 56
2.6. Electromotive Force Series 57
2.7. Determination of Electrochemical/Corrosion Reaction Direction by Gibbs Energy 61
2.8. Reference Electrodes of Importance in Corrosion Processes 64
2.8.1. Determination of reversible potential of the hydrogen electrode 64
2.8.2. Determination of reversible potential of the oxygen electrode 66
2.8.3. Determination of cell potential of the hydrogen-oxygen cell (fuel cell) 67
2.8.4. Determination of electrode potential of a standard Weston cell 69
2.8.5. Determination of electrode potentials for electrodes of the second kind 70
2.8.6. Calomel electrode 71
2.8.7. Silver-silver chloride electrode 72
2.8.8. Copper-copper sulfate electrode 73
2.9. Measurement of Reversible Cell Potential with Liquid Junction Potential 74
2.10. Measurement of Corrosion Potential 75
2.11. Construction of Pourbaix Diagrams 76
2.11.1. Regions of electrochemical stability of water 77
2.11.2. Construction of pourbaix diagram for zinc 78
2.11.3. Construction of Pourbaix diagram for tin 82
2.11.4. Pourbaix diagram for iron 86
2.11.5. Construction of Pourbaix diagram for nickel 87
2.12. Case Studies 90
2.12.1. Activity coefficients 90
2.12.2. Evaluation of theoretical tendency of metals to corrode 92
2.12.3. Hydrogen and oxygen electrodes 106
Exercises 109
References 110
Chapter 3: Electrochemical Kinetics of Corrosion 112
3.1. Introduction 113
3.2. Ohmic Polarization 113
3.3. Electrochemical Polarization 114
3.3.1. Special cases of Butler-Volmer equation-high field approximation 120
3.3.2. Low-field approximation 126
3.4. Concentration Polarization 130
3.5. Relevance of Electrochemical Kinetics to Corrosion 131
3.6. Construction of Evans Diagrams 133
3.7. Effects of Polarization Behavior on the Corrosion Rate 144
3.8. Effects of Mass Transfer on Electrode Kinetics 147
3.8.1. Diffusion-limited corrosion rate 148
3.8.2. Rotating disk electrode 150
Exercises 159
Calculate: 159
References 160
Chapter 4: Passivity 162
4.1. Active-Passive Corrosion Behavior 163
4.2. Applications of Potentiostatic Polarization Measurements 166
4.3. Galvanostatic Anode Polarization 167
4.4. Fundamentals of Passivity 169
4.4.1. The film and adsorption theories of passivity 169
4.4.2. Thermodynamics 170
4.4.3. Kinetics of passivation processes 172
4.5. Factors Affecting Passivation 173
4.5.1. Effect of acid concentration on passivity of an active-passive metal 174
4.5.2. Effect of solution velocity on active-passive metals and alloys-construction of polarization curve for stainless s... 176
4.5.3. Criterion for passivation 179
4.5.4. Effect of oxidizer concentration on passivity 179
4.6. Methods for Spontaneous Passivation of Metals 181
4.7. Alloy Evaluation 184
4.8. Anodic Protection 185
4.8.1. Anodic protection systems 186
4.8.2. Design requirements 188
4.8.3. Applications 188
4.9. Composition and Structure of Iron Passive Films 188
4.9.1. Stainless steel 189
4.9.2. Crystalline structure 191
Exercises 192
References 195
Chapter 5: Basics of Corrosion Measurements 200
5.1. Introduction 201
5.2. Polarization Resistance 202
5.3. Calculation of Corrosion Rates from Polarization Data-Stern and Geary Equation 203
5.3.1. Calculation of corrosion rate from the corrosion current 207
5.4. Electrochemical Techniques to Measure Polarization Resistance 209
5.4.1. Linear polarization technique 209
5.4.2. Galvanostatic technique 210
5.4.3. Nonlinearity of polarization curves 211
5.5. Applications of Linear Polarization Technique-Estimation of Corrosion Rates 212
5.6. Corrosion Potential Measurements as a Function of Time (OCP vs. Time) 220
5.7. Tafel Extrapolation Method 221
5.7.1. Principles of the Tafel extrapolation method 221
5.7.2. Tafel extrapolation procedure 222
5.8. Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements 226
5.9. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 232
5.9.1. Principles of the method 232
5.9.2. Expression for impedance of the R-L-C series circuit 238
5.9.3. AC impedance plots: impedance spectra with their associated equivalent circuits 239
5.9.4. Application of electrochemical impedance to corrosion studies 245
5.10. Advantages and Limitations of EIS 250
5.11. Recent Corrosion Research 250
Exercises 251
References 253
Chapter 6: Galvanic Corrosion 258
6.1. Definition of Galvanic Corrosion 259
6.2. Galvanic Series 259
6.3. Experimental Measurements 262
6.3.1. Polarization in galvanic couples 262
6.3.2. Zero resistance ammeter 263
6.3.3. Scanning vibrating electrode technique 264
6.4. Prevention of Galvanic Corrosion 265
6.5. Theoretical Aspects 266
6.5.1. Effect of exchange current density on galvanic current in Fe-Zn galvanic couple 266
6.5.2. Differential aeration: oxygen concentration cell 276
6.6. Testing Methods in Galvanic Corrosion 280
6.6.1. Scanning vibrating electrode technique 280
6.6.2. Shadowgraphy and Mach-Zehnder interferometry 283
6.6.3. Other methods 283
6.7. Automotive Applications 287
6.8. Galvanic Corrosion in Concrete Structures 289
6.9. Refrigeration 290
6.10. Dental Applications 292
6.11. Corrosion of Microstructures 293
6.12. Galvanic Coatings 294
6.13. Numerical Modeling of Galvanic Corrosion Couples 298
Exercises 299
References 302
Chapter 7: Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 308
7.1. Introduction 309
7.2. Critical Pitting Potential and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion 309
7.3. Mechanism of Pitting Corrosion 314
7.3.1. Passive film breakdown 315
7.3.2. Autocatalytic mechanism of pit growth 318
7.3.2.1. Formation of nucleated pits 318
7.3.2.2. Propagation pit growth 319
7.3.2.3. Pit arrest 320
7.3.2.4. MnS inclusions 320
7.4. Effect of Temperature 323
7.5. Effects of Alloy Composition on Pitting Corrosion 325
7.6. Inhibition of Pitting Corrosion 327
7.7. Crevice Corrosion 329
7.7.1. Mechanism of crevice corrosion 330
7.7.2. Inhibition of crevice corrosion 332
7.8. Filiform Corrosion 334
7.9. Prevention 335
Exercises 335
References 340
Chapter 8: Hydrogen Permeation and Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 346
8.1. Introduction 347
8.2. Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 347
8.2.1. Kinetics of HER 349
8.2.2. Theoretical diffusion solution 350
8.2.3. Evaluation of diffusivity 351
8.2.4. Basic model for hydrogen permeation: the Iyer-Pickering-Zamanzadeh (IPZ) model 352
8.2.5. Experimental determination of hydrogen permeation parameters 353
8.2.6. Evaluation of rate constants for hydrogen absorption and diffusivity into metals 360
8.3. Hydrogen-Induced Damage 362
8.3.1. Hydrogen-induced cracking 362
8.3.2. Hydrogen embrittlement 364
8.3.3. Hydrogen blistering 364
8.3.4. Hydrogen stress cracking 365
8.3.5. Recent studies on hydrogen-induced damage 365
8.4. Preventing Hydrogen Damage in Metals 369
Exercises 376
List of parameters: 377
List of parameters: 377
List of parameters: 377
Use the following parameters: 379
References 379
Chapter 9: Stress Corrosion Cracking 384
9.1. Definition and Characteristics of Stress Corrosion Cracking 385
9.2. Testing Methods 386
9.2.1. Constant deformation tests 387
9.2.1.1. Two-point loaded specimens 390
9.2.1.2. Three-point loaded specimen 391
9.2.1.3. Four-point loaded specimen 391
9.2.1.4. Double beam specimen 392
9.2.2. Sustained load tests 393
9.2.3. Slow strain rate tensile testing 393
9.3. Fracture Mechanics Testing 395
9.3.1. Test methods 398
9.3.2. Precracked cantilever beam specimens 399
9.3.3. Linearly increasing stress test 401
9.4. Examples of Stress Corrosion Cracking 402
9.5. SCC Models 402
9.5.1. Film rupture model 404
9.5.2. Fracture-induced cleavage model 405
9.5.3. Localized surface plasticity model 405
9.5.4. Atomic surface mobility model 406
9.6. Metallurgy of Stress Corrosion Cracking 408
9.6.1. Solid solution composition 408
9.6.2. Grain boundary segregation 409
9.6.3. Alloy phase transformation and associated solute depleted zones 416
9.6.4. Duplex structures 419
9.6.5. Cold work 422
9.7. Electrochemical Effects 428
9.8. Hydrogen Embrittlement 436
9.9. Corrosion Fatigue Cracking 441
9.10. Prevention of Stress Corrosion Cracking 448
Exercises 454
References 459
Chapter 10: Atmospheric Corrosion 470
10.1. Introduction 471
10.2. Atmospheric Classification 471
10.3. Electrochemical Mechanism 472
10.3.1. Corrosion of iron and low alloy steels 472
10.4. Factors Affecting Atmospheric Corrosion 473
10.4.1. Moisture 473
10.4.2. Temperature 474
10.4.3. Atmospheric pollutants 474
10.4.3.1. Sulfur-containing compounds 474
10.4.3.2. Nitrates 477
10.4.3.3. Chlorine-containing compounds 477
10.5. Atmospheric Corrosion of Selected Metals 478
10.5.1. Atmospheric corrosion of iron 478
10.5.2. Atmospheric corrosion of magnesium alloy 480
10.5.3. Atmospheric corrosion of nickel 482
10.6. Classification of Atmospheric Corrosion 482
10.6.1. The International Standard Organization classification of atmospheric corrosion 483
10.6.2. PACER LIME algorithm for atmospheric corrosion classification 486
10.7. Role of Pollutants 494
References 496
Chapter 11: High-Temperature Corrosion 500
11.1. Introduction 501
11.2. High-Temperature Corrosion Thermodynamics 502
11.2.1. Melting points and volatility of oxides 507
11.3. Pilling-Bedworth Ratio 508
11.4. Formation of Oxide Layers at High Temperature 510
11.4.1. Oxide microstructure 510
11.4.2. Benefits of alloying 511
11.5. Electrochemical Nature of Oxidation Processes 515
11.6. Oxidation Kinetics 517
11.6.1. Parabolic rate equation 518
11.6.2. Logarithmic rate equation 521
11.6.3. Linear rate equation 522
11.6.4. Combination of rate equations 522
11.7. Hot Corrosion 524
11.7.1. Molten halides 525
11.7.2. Molten nitrates 527
11.7.3. Molten sulfates 527
11.7.4. Molten carbonates 528
11.8. Methods of Protecting Against Hot Corrosion and High-Temperature Corrosion 530
11.8.1. High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) basics 531
11.8.2. Future work in HVOF 532
11.8.3. Platinum and aluminide coatings 533
11.8.4. Silicon diffusion layers 534
11.8.5. Chemical additions 534
11.8.6. Ion implantation 535
11.8.7. Preformation of oxide layers 537
Exercises 538
References 540
Chapter 12: Corrosion of Structural Concrete 544
12.1. Introduction 545
12.2. Corrosion Mechanism of Reinforcement in Concrete 545
12.2.1. Chloride-induced corrosion mechanism 547
12.2.2. Surface depassivation with carbon dioxide 548
12.3. Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion Evaluation of Reinforcement in Concrete 548
12.3.1. Corrosion potential measurements 548
12.3.2. Linear polarization measurements 549
12.3.3. Tafel polarization 550
12.3.4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 550
12.4. Chloride-Induced Damage 551
12.5. Corrosion Control of Reinforcing Steel 557
12.6. Inhibitors 558
12.6.1. Classification of corrosion inhibitors 558
12.6.2. Determination of inhibitor efficiency 558
12.7. Sacrificial Zinc Coatings 559
12.8. Concrete Permeability 560
References 572
Chapter 13: Organic Coatings 576
13.1. Introduction 577
13.2. Classification of Organic Coatings 577
13.3. Pigments 580
13.4. Solvents, Additives, and Fillers 583
13.5. Surface Preparation 583
13.6. Application 584
13.7. Exposure Testing 586
13.8. Electrochemical Techniques 591
13.9. Evaluation Methods 592
13.10. Chemical and Physical Aging of Organic Coatings 592
References 595
Chapter 14: Corrosion Inhibitors 600
14.1. Introduction 600
14.2. Types of Inhibitors 602
14.2.1. Anodic passivating inhibitors 602
14.2.2. Cathodic precipitation inhibitors 605
14.2.3. Organic inhibitors 608
14.2.4. Organic inhibitors used for inhibition of steel in an aqueous environment 609
14.2.5. Ohmic inhibitors 610
14.2.6. Vapor phase inhibitors/volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) 611
14.2.7. Anodic inorganic inhibitors 611
References 613
Chapter 15: Cathodic Protection 618
15.1. Introduction 619
15.2. Fundamentals 619
15.2.1. Principle 619
15.2.2. Types of cathodic protection 623
15.2.2.1. Sacrificial anode cathodic protection 623
Requirements for a Good Sacrificial Anode 623
15.2.2.2. Impressed current cathodic protection 627
15.2.3. Selection of cathodic protection system 628
15.2.3.1. Basis for selecting a sacrificial anode system 628
15.2.3.2. Basis for selecting ICS 628
15.3. Cathodic Protection Criteria 630
15.3.1. Potential criteria 630
15.3.2. IR Drop considerations 630
15.3.3. Electrochemical basis for CP criteria 631
15.4. Field Data and Design Aspects 633
15.4.1. Soil resistance 633
15.4.1.1. Wenner four-pin method 633
15.4.1.2. Soil box method 634
15.4.2. Hydrogen ion activity (pH) 634
15.4.3. Microbiological activity and redox potential 636
15.4.4. Coating resistance 637
15.4.4.1. Determination of coating resistance 638
15.4.5. Required current density 638
15.5. Monitoring Methods 639
15.5.1. Potential surveys 639
15.5.1.1. CIPS technique 640
15.5.1.2. DCVG method 640
15.5.1.3. IR coupons/simulation probes 640
15.5.2. Corrosion rate measurements 641
15.6. Design of Cathodic Protection Systems 642
15.6.1. Choice of the CP system 642
15.6.2. Design of sacrificial protection system 643
15.6.2.1. Cathodic protection circuit resistance 643
15.6.2.2. Cable resistance 645
15.6.2.3. Structure to electrolyte resistance 645
15.6.2.4. Total circuit resistance 645
15.6.2.5. Anode output 645
15.6.2.6. Number of anodes and anode life 646
15.6.3. Design of ICS 646
15.6.3.1. Current and potential distributions on the protected structure 646
15.6.3.2. Anode selection 647
15.6.3.3. Anode requirements 648
15.6.3.4. Ground-bed resistance 648
15.6.3.5. Rectifier selection 648
15.6.3.6. Ground-bed selection 649
15.7. Computer-Aided Design of Cathodic Protection 649
Exercises 650
References 652
Solutions Guide Chapter 2: Thermodynamics in the Electrochemical Reactions of Corrosion 658
Solutions Guide Chapter 3: Electrochemical Kinetics of Corrosion 670
Solutions Guide Chapter 4: Passivity 686
Solutions Guide Chapter 5: Basics of Corrosion Measurements 702
Solutions Guide Chapter 6: Galvanic Corrosion 712
Solutions Guide Chapter 7: Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 726
Solutions Guide Chapter 8: Hydrogen Permeation and Hydrogen-Induced Cracking 738
Solutions Guide Chapter 9: Stress Corrosion Cracking 748
Solutions Guide Chapter 11: High-Temperature Corrosion 758
Solutions Guide Chapter 15: Cathodic Protection 768
Index 778
Color Plate 794

Textauszug

Preface

Corrosion Engineering–Principles and Solved Problems is based on the author’s experience teaching undergraduate and graduate corrosion courses entitled Corrosion Engineering, Advanced Corrosion Engineering, and Electrochemical and Corrosion Techniques at the University of South Carolina. The book provides an extensive and in-depth theoretical analysis of thermodynamics kinetics, mass transfer, potential theory, and passivation, creating a foundation for understanding the electrochemical nature of the corrosion process and corrosion protection strategies discussed in the book’s second part. Around the world, the students who currently attend corrosion-engineering courses are enrolled in different engineering programs. This fact requires additional topics to be included in the book, and to this end, the book reviews the corrosion processes, protection strategies, and testing for civil-engineering structures; corrosion in chemical process engineering; mechanical and nuclear corrosion engineering; and metallurgy. The fundamental principles of corrosion and related protection strategies are explained through solved problems, exercises, and case studies, and the book helps upper-level undergraduate and graduate students learn the subject through an extensive theoretical description of corrosion theory, passivity, corrosion prevention strategies, and corrosion protection system design. The author has attempted to organize the book so the instructor can use it as the basis for a course in corrosion engineering for undergraduate students and also graduate students.

With a bibliography citing more than 1350 studies published in the last 10 years, the book is also designed to serve as a valuable scientific resource for professionals working in the fields of corrosion, electrochemical, chemical, metallurgical, mechanical, electrical, manufacturing, and nuclear engineering, as well as graduate students and material scientists.

Chapters 1 to 3 describe the theory of corrosion engineering and offer analyzed case studies and solved problems in the thermodynamics of corrosion processes, the relevance of electrochemical kinetics to corrosion, low field approximation theory, concentration polarization, the effects of polarization behavior on corrosion rate, the effect of mass transfer on electrode kinetics, and diffusion-limited corrosion rates.

Chapter 4 presents the fundamentals of passivity; the film and adsorption theories of passivity; criterion for passivation; methods for spontaneous passivation; factors affecting passivation, such as the effect of solution velocity and acid concentration; alloy evaluation; anodic protection systems; and design requirements. A full discussion on stainless steel composition and crystalline structure, oxidizer concentration, and alloy evaluation is included. The chapter also considers anodic protection to establish a basis for anodic protection systems and designs. By the end of the chapter, case studies, solved problems, and exercises illustrate passivation and anodic protection system design.

The basics of corrosion measurements are outlined in Chapter 5, which describes polarization methods for measuring corrosion rates, the oxidizing power of the environment, and corrosion protection effectiveness. The chapter starts by explaining corrosion measurement basics and corrosion rate determination by linear polarization using the Stern-Geary equation and Tafel extrapolation. The advantages of corrosion inhibitor evaluation, corrosion monitoring in process plants, and corrosion characteristics are also described, and the chapter considers potentiodynamic polarization for determining passivation and critical current density. At the end of the chapter, a detailed review of recent literature explains electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Solved and exercise problems illustrate electrochemical techniques in corrosion rate measurements.

Chapter 6, which is on galvanic corrosion, describes theoretical galvanic corrosion aspects, mixed potential theory, galvanic series, and novel testing methods suggested by the literature. A detailed discussion on galvanic corrosion, polarization, and prevention provides information on materials, minimizing cathode-anode area ratio, coatings and inhibitors, and environmentally friendly sacrificial materials. A literature review also describes novel testing methods in galvanic corrosion, novel alloys for automotive applications, and galvanic corrosion inhibition in both concrete structures and dental magnetic attachments. Galvanic corrosion theory and evaluation are explained through case studies, solved problems, exercises, and numerical modeling.

In Chapter 7, the book addresses pitting potential analyses in connection with new alloys with low pitting corrosion susceptibility. In addition, the chapter considers the recent literature on pitting mechanisms and crevice corrosion evaluation as they relate to corrosion severity control, main variables, and experimental data consistency in particular systems. Electrochemical kinetics such as charge transfer, mass transport, and ohmic effects explain pit growth and arrest, and the discussion of pitting inhibition and crevice corrosion is focused on new alloys and alloy composition effects for decreased pitting corrosion susceptibility, conversion coating, inhibitor development, and cathodic and anodic protection. Crevice and filiform corrosion are also described via initiation and propagation processes, and the case study and exercise problems illustrate pitting and crevice mechanisms and corrosion protection strategies for inhibiting pitting corrosion.

Hydrogen permeation in metals is introduced for the first time in Chapter 8 of this book, which describes hydrogen permeation and hydrogen-induced damage and prevention in metals and alloys. To this end, the chapter discusses hydrogen evolution kinetics, theoretical diffusion solutions, and basic hydrogen permeation models. Models are used as a diagnostic tool for determining the effectiveness of various metals and alloys as hydrogen permeation inhibitors. Through case studies, the chapter then explains the experimental determination of atomic hydrogen permeation transients and the evaluation of hydrogen absorption rate constants and diffusivity into metals. A discussion on hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen blistering, and hydrogen stress cracking then shows the relationship between hydrogen permeation and hydrogen-induced cracking mechanisms previously described in the chapter. The most recent research related to hydrogen kinetic parameters is also reviewed, and the case studies and solved problems illustrate models for developing alloys that reduce hydrogen ingress.

The discussion of stress corrosion in Chapter 9 begins with a definition and characteristics for stress corrosion cracking (SCC), testing methods common to SCC and hydrogen-induced cracking, principles and techniques of fracture mechanics, and corrosion fatigue testing. These methods have been updated with references published in the last 20 years. SCC metallurgy is explained through case studies on SCC variables such as solid solution composition, grain boundary segregation, alloy phase transformation and associated solute-depleted zones, duplex structures, and cold work. From 2000 to 2013, more than 200 published studies have analyzed electrochemical effects such as chloride-induced localized corrosion in stainless steels, SCC due to dealloying, and hydrogen-induced SCC in high-strength alloys. The chapter continues with corrosion fatigue cracking and detection. SCC failure prevention methods are discussed at the end of the chapter. In addition, the fundamental principles of SCC, the nature of the processes, and related protection strategies are explained through solved exercise problems from fracture mechanics and case studies published in the last decade.

Chapter 10 on atmospheric corrosion describes basic atmospheric corrosion principles resulting from metal exposure at ambient and near-ambient temperatures in humid air. It starts by presenting environment classification, common industrial pollutants, atmospheric corrosion factors, and atmospheric corrosion classifications according to the International Standard Organization. Atmospheric pollutants, such as sulfur-containing compounds, chlorine-containing compounds, and nitrates, are discussed in the chapter through a review of recent literature, and the chapter concludes by showing the role of industrial pollutants in controlling atmospheric corrosion, through a discussion of iron and low-alloy steel corrosion, as well as the atmospheric corrosion of nickel, magnesium alloys, zinc, and bare and anodized aluminum. The influence of alloying elements such as copper, tin, zinc, and lead on bronze corrosion and prevention is also explained through recent literature.

Chapter 11 introduces high-temperature corrosion, considering basic metal and alloy corrosion principles at elevated temperatures in air and other oxidizing gases. It starts by explaining high-temperature corrosion thermodynamics, the Pilling-Bedworth ratio, electrochemical oxidation processes, oxide-layer formation, microstructure, and oxidation kinetics. Parabolic, logarithmic, and linear rate equations and the combination of those equations also show the relationship between corrosion and oxide-layer formation at high temperatures. Hot metal-oxide corrosion is explained using molten halide, molten nitrite, and molten carbonate interactions. To further explain this interaction, a case study on molten halides is included. The chapter concludes by considering conventional and recently developed methods...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.2.2015
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 0-444-62727-8 / 0444627278
• ISBN-13: 978-0-444-62727-8 / 9780444627278