Nuclear Geophysics (eBook)
XV, 522 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-319-12451-3 (ISBN)
The fundamentals of methods in nuclear geophysics and their practical applications in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, agriculture and environmental science are discussed in this book. The methods and apparatus based on absorption and scattering of gamma and neutron radiation for determination of density and soil moisture in natural conditions are presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. The theoretical fundamentals and installations of the penetration logging techniques where gamma, gamma-gamma and neutron logging in combination with static penetration form common complexes for engineering geology and hydrogeology exploration without boring holes are described. The developed constructions and practical use penetration logging installations for applications on land and marine shelves are described in Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8. The physical fundamentals for the use of the natural stable and radioactive isotopes for study of the global hydrological cycle are provided. The experimental data, origin and distribution of cosmogenic and radiogenic isotopes in the oceans, atmospheric moisture, surface and underground waters are presented in Chapters 9, 10, and 11. The sources and conditions of the radioactive contamination of the natural waters are discussed in Chapters 12 and 13.
This book will be of interest to scientists and researchers who use nuclear geophysics methods in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology and hydrogeoecology. Lecturers, students, and postgraduates in these subjects will also find it useful.
1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics 1.1 Natural Stable and Radioactive Isotopes 1.2 Nuclear Reactions and Sources of Radioactivity 1.3 Laws of Radioactive Decay and Attenuation of Radiation 1.4 Measurement Techniques and Health Hazards Part I Use of Nuclear Techniques for Determination of Soil Properties 2 Methods Based on the Absorption of the Gamma-Ray Beam by Matter 2.1 Main Principles 2.2 Transmission of Narrow and Broad Gamma-Ray Beams through Matter 2.3 Mass Absorption Coefficients of Rocks 2.4 Sensitivity of the Method 2.5 Deviations from the Mean Density 2.6 Determination of Soil Density by Gamma-Ray Absorption 2.7 Studies of Moisture Content Dynamics in Soil 2.8 Determination of the Amount of Water Stored in Snow Cover 2.9 Studies of the Evaporation Process 3 The Gamma-Ray Back-Scattering Method 3.1 Principles and Range of Application 3.2 Optimal Parameters of Measuring Probe 3.3 Design of Gamma-Ray Density Gauges and the Range of their Application 3.3.1 Surface Type Gamma Ray Density Gauges 3.3.2 Gamma-Ray Density Gauges Used in Wells 3.3.3 Gamma-Ray Density Gauges for Direct Insertion into the Ground 3.4 Technological Aspects of Measurement and Calibration 4 Neutron Back-Scattering Method 4.1 Principles and Range of Application 4.2 Optimal Parameters of Measuring Probe 4.2.1 Sensitivity of the Method 4.2.2 Maximum Working Depth 4.2.3 Effects of Parameters of the Medium 4.3 Design of Neutron Moisture Gauges 4.4 Possible Errors in the Moisture Content Measured by the Neutron Method 4.5 Calibration of Neutron Moisture Gauges Part II Penetration Logging Techniques 5 Penetration Logging Methods and Equipment 5.1 Essence of Penetration Logging Techniques and Conditions of Application 5.2 Experimental Penetration Logging Rig SUGP-10 5.3 The Penetration Logging Rig and Equipment SPK 5.4 The Submerged Penetration Logging Rig PSPK-69 Mounted on the Exploration Catamaran Type Ship “Geologist-1” 6 Theoretical Basis of Penetration Logging Tests 6.1 Solutions Based on the Theory of Ultimate Equilibrium 6.2 Imbedding of Spherical Probe into an Infinite Elastic Medium 6.3 Imbedding of Spherical Probe into Elastic-Creeping Medium 6.4 Two-Dimensional Axis-Symmetric Problem of Relaxation Stress 6.5 Conditions for Measuring Ground Parameters by Static Penetration 7 Experimental Studies and Interpretation of Penetration Logging Data 7.1 Density, Moisture, Porosity, Groundwater Level 7.2 Influence of Sounding Parameters on Ground Resistance and Friction 7.3 Modulus of Ground Compressibility 7.4 Ground Shear and Rheology Parameters 7.5 Normal Pressure 7.6 Lithology Stratification 8 Application of Penetration Logging Techniques in Geoengineering Exploration 8.1Geological and Geographical Conditions for Application of Penetration Logging 8.2 Practical Applications 8.3 Engineering Geological and Hydrogeological Mapping 8.3.1 Study for Irrigation Land Projects 8.3.2 Study for Drainage Land Projects 8.3.3 Geoengineering Studies in a Region of Glacial Sediments 8.3.4 Prospecting for Building Construction 8.3.5 Study of a Landslide Slope 8.3.6 Study of Bottom Marine Sediments at Novorossiysk Port 8.3.7 Study of Novorossiysk Oil Jetty Structures 8.4 Combined Application of Penetration Logging and Traditional Geophysical Methods Part III Natural Isotopes in Environmental Studies 9 Stable Isotopes in Study of Global Hydrological Cycle 9.1 Separation of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes at Phase Transition of Water 9.2 Isotopic Composition of Ocean Water 9.3 Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Moisture 9.4 Isotopic Composition of Continental Surface Waters 9.5 Isotopic Composition of Water in Evaporating Basins 9.6 Isotopic Composition of Water in Unsaturated and Saturated Zones 9.7. Isotopic Composition of Formation Waters 9.8 Isotopic Composition of Groundwater in Volcanic Regions 9.8.1 Isotopes in Studying the Origin of Thermal Waters 9.8.2 Isotopic Geothermometers 10 Cosmogenic Radioisotopes for Study of the Genesis and Dynamics of Water 10.1 Origin and Distribution of Cosmogenic Radioisotopes 10.2 Sources of Tritium Discharge into Natural Waters 10.3 Global Circulation of Tritium Water 10.3.1 Tritium in Atmospheric Hydrogen and Methane 10.3.2 Tritium in Atmospheric Water Vapour 10.3.3 Tritium in Precipitation 10.3.4 Formation of Tritium Concentrations in the Atmosphere 10.4 Tritium in Ocean Waters 10.5 Tritium in Continental Surface Waters 10.5.1 Tritium Contents in River Water 10.5.2 Tritium in Lakes and Reservoirs 10.6 Tritium in Groundwaters 10.7 Dating by Tritium 10.7.1 Piston Flow Model 10.7.2 Dispersive Model 10.7.3 Complete Mixing Model 10.7.4 Symmetrical Binominal Age Distribution Model 10.7.5 Model of Mixing Waters of Different Ages 10.7.6 Complicated Model 10.8 Radiocarbon in Natural Waters 10.8.1 Origin and Distribution of Radiocarbon in Nature 10.8.2 Natural Variations of Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Biosphere 10.8.3 Natural Radiocarbon in Oceans 10.8.4 Technogenic Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Oceans 10.8.5 Forecast of Carbon Dioxide Increase in the Atmosphere 10.8.6 Principles of Radiocarbon Dating 10.8.7 Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater 10.9 Other Cosmogenic Radioisotopes 11 Radiogenic Isotopes in Dating of Natural Waters and Sediments 11.1 Production and Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes 11.2 Separation of Radiogenic Isotopes 11.2.1 Separation of Uranium Isotopes 11.2.2 Separation of Thorium Isotopes 11.2.3 Separation of Radium Isotopes 11.3 Distribution of Radiogenic Isotopes in Natural Waters 11.3.1 Uranium Isotopes in Natural Waters 11.3.2 Thorium Isotopes in Natural Waters 11.4 Dating of Surface and Groundwaters 11.4.1 Dating of Closed Reservoirs 11.4.2 Dating of Groundwater 11.5 Dating of Sediments 11.5.1 Uranium-Uranium Method 11.5.2 Uranium-Ionium Method 11.6 Radiogenic Isotopes as Indicators of Hydrologic Processes Part IV Other Applications 12 Radioactive Contamination of Natural Waters 12.1 Sources of Radioactive Contamination of Water 12.1.1 Nature and Properties of Radioactive Effluents 12.1.2 Future Developments in Nuclear Technology and Disposal of Effluents 12.2 Migration of Radioactive-Effluent Components through Soil and Ground 12.2.1 Migration Activity 12.2.2 Natural Mineral Sorbents 12.2.3 Natural Organic Sorbents 12.3 Estimation of Absorbing Properties of Soil and Ground and Migration Activity of Radioactive Micro-components 12.3.1 Determining the Absorption Capacity 12.3.2 Absorption Capacity of Soil and Ground for Components of Contaminants 12.3.3 Absorption of Radioactive Components under Dynamic Conditions 13 Induced-Activity Method for Analysis of Rocks and Groundwaters 13.1 Principles and Range of Application 13.2 Activation Reactions in Principal Rock-Forming Elements and Water 13.3 Theory of the Method 13.4 Laboratory Activation Analysis for Aluminium and Silicon ConclusionsSubject index
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 13.1.2015 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Springer Geophysics | Springer Geophysics |
| Zusatzinfo | XV, 522 p. 152 illus., 1 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Cham |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie | |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | Groundwater and Hydrogeology • hydrogeology • Isotope Geology Tracers • Nuclear Geophysics • Nuclear Logging Techniques • Radiation Well Logging |
| ISBN-10 | 3-319-12451-X / 331912451X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-319-12451-3 / 9783319124513 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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