Gas Turbines (eBook)

A Handbook of Air, Land and Sea Applications

Claire Soares (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2014 | 2. Auflage
1020 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-410485-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Covering basic theory, components, installation, maintenance, manufacturing, regulation and industry developments, Gas Turbines: A Handbook of Air, Sea and Land Applications is a broad-based introductory reference designed to give you the knowledge needed to succeed in the gas turbine industry, land, sea and air applications.Providing the big picture view that other detailed, data-focused resources lack, this book has a strong focus on the information needed to effectively decision-make and plan gas turbine system use for particular applications, taking into consideration not only operational requirements but long-term life-cycle costs in upkeep, repair and future use.With concise, easily digestible overviews of all important theoretical bases and a practical focus throughout, Gas Turbines is an ideal handbook for those new to the field or in the early stages of their career, as well as more experienced engineers looking for a reliable, one-stop reference that covers the breadth of the field. - Covers installation, maintenance, manufacturer's specifications, performance criteria and future trends, offering a rounded view of the area that takes in technical detail as well as well as industry economics and outlook - Updated with the latest industry developments, including new emission and efficiency regulations and their impact on gas turbine technology - Over 300 pages of new/revised content, including new sections on microturbines, non-conventional fuel sources for microturbines, emissions, major developments in aircraft engines, use of coal gas and superheated steam, and new case histories throughout highlighting component improvements in all systems and sub-systems

Claire Soares is an ASME Fellow and industry consultant with more than 20 years' experience at such leading manufacturers of gas turbines as GE and Rolls Royce. Claire is a recognized turbomachinery specialist with particular expertise in optimal design selection and specification, and ensuring long-term successful operation for a given application.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Gas Turbines 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Preface 2014 18
Preface 2008 20
Introduction, 2nd Edition 22
Introduction,1st Edition 24
Acronyms 26
Notes to the Reader 30
About the Author 32
Chapter 1 - Gas Turbines: An Introduction and Applications 34
GAS TURBINES ON LAND 34
AEROENGINE GAS TURBINES 39
GAS TURBINES AT SEA 43
GAS TURBINES: DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL APPLICATIONS 43
Chapter 2 - Historical Development of the Gas Turbine 74
EARLY HISTORY OF THE GAS TURBINES 74
PRINCIPLES OF JET PROPULSION 77
THE GAS TURBINE GLOBAL FLEET: MODEL DESIGNATION AND PRODUCTION PROGNOSIS AS OF 2013–2022 82
GAS TURBINE GLOBAL FLEET: MODEL DESIGNATION AND PRODUCTION AS OF MAY 2006† 89
Chapter 3 - Gas Turbine Configurations and Heat Cycles 126
GAS TURBINE CONFIGURATIONS 127
GAS TURBINE CYCLES: SUMMARIZED THEORY AND ECONOMICS*,** 134
CASE STUDY 1: AN END-USER/EPC CONTRACTOR’S EXPERIENCE WITH SOME OF THE OEMS’ LATEST GAS TURBINE MODELS IN POWER GENERATION ... 152
CASE STUDY 2: AN OEM'S DEVELOPMENT OF A GAS TURBINE THE SGT6-5000F* (FORMERLY KNOWN AS W501F) ENGINE 158
CASE STUDY 3: OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH LARGE ADVANCED GAS TURBINES IN VARIABLE LOAD CONDITIONS* 162
APPENDIX 3A: STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANT THEORY APPLICABLE TO COMBINED CYCLE AND ‘SOLO’ (AS COMPETITION TO GAS TURBINE CYCLE) ... 169
Chapter 4 - Gas Turbine Major Components and Modules 206
ECONOMICS DICTATES DESIGN 206
GAS TURBINE ENGINE MODULES 210
Chapter 5 - Cooling and Load Bearing Systems 288
INTERNAL AIR SYSTEM 289
LUBRICATION 295
AN OPERATOR’S PERSPECTIVE ON TURBINE OIL SELECTION 307
Chapter 6 - Inlets, Exhausts, and Noise Suppression 312
GAS TURBINE INLET AIR FILTRATION 313
CASE STUDY 1: A TEST CASE OF TWO- VS. THREE-PHASE FILTRATION**SOURCE: [6-2] FROM: FREUDENBERG FILTRATION TECHNOLOGIES SE & ...
GAS TURBINE EXHAUSTS††[6-1]. 323
GAS TURBINE NOISE SUPPRESSION**[6-1]. 328
SOUND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 333
MEASURING TONAL NOISE SOURCES 339
CASE STUDY 2: THE USE OF SOUND INTENSITY MEASUREMENT 339
CASE STUDY 3: COMPARISON OF NOISE ON TWO NOMINALLY IDENTICAL PRODUCTION MACHINES 340
ACOUSTIC DESIGN OF LIGHTWEIGHT GAS TURBINE ENCLOSURES 342
Chapter 7 - Gas Turbine Fuel Systems and Fuels 350
BASIC GAS TURBINE FUEL SYSTEM 351
GAS TURBINE FUELS 371
FUEL AND FUEL OIL PROPERTIES 372
UNCONVENTIONAL FUELS 378
FUEL TREATMENT HARDWARE 393
CASE STUDY 1: A RESIDUAL “BUNKER” FUEL CASE STUDY (METRO MANILA, LIMAY BATAAN COMBINED CYCLE)* 413
CASE STUDY 2: AUTOIGNITION CHARACTERISTICS OF GASEOUS FUELS AT REPRESENTATIVE GAS TURBINE CONDITIONS* 421
CASE STUDY 3: FROM CONCEPT TO COMMERCIAL OPERATION—TRI-FUEL INJECTOR USED FOR LPG AND NAPHTHA APPLICATIONS* 427
CASE STUDY 4: MULTI-FUEL CONCEPT OF THE SIEMENS 3A-GAS TURBINE SERIES* 434
CASE STUDY 5: USE OF BLAST FURNACE GAS TO FUEL 300 MW CC PLANT* 438
CASE STUDY 6: BIODIESEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN SIEMENS DLE COMBUSTORS - ATMOSPHERIC AND HIGH PRESSURE RIG TESTING* 442
Chapter 8 - Accessory Systems 446
ACCESSORY DRIVES 447
STARTING AND IGNITION SYSTEMS 453
ICE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 459
HOT AIR SYSTEM 462
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 464
WATER INJECTION SYSTEMS 468
SYSTEMS UNIQUE TO AIRCRAFT ENGINE APPLICATIONS 470
SYSTEMS UNIQUE TO LAND OR MARINE APPLICATIONS 498
Chapter 9 - Controls, Instrumentation, and Diagnostics (CID)**Sources (except where specified):Notes on the proceedings of ... 518
SYSTEM SCOPE AND SELECTION FOR GAS TURBINES 519
WHICH PARAMETERS ON WHAT APPLICATIONS* 519
BASIC CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION (C& I) ON GT SYSTEMS
PRINCIPLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A CONTROL SYSTEM 520
COMPONENTS OF A CONTROL SYSTEM 521
AEROENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS 523
MARINE C& I SYSTEMS
TYPICAL C& I SYSTEM, LAND-BASED (POWER GENERATION)
SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN CONTROLS INSTRUMENTATION AND DIAGNOSTICS TECHNOLOGY 546
CASE STUDY 1: A SURVEY OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES USED BY SIEMENS ENERGY FOR THE MONITORING AND DIAGNOSIS OF A GLOBAL FLEET OF POW ... 555
CASE STUDY 2: PULSATION ANALYSIS: NEW TECHNIQUES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS* 557
CASE STUDY 3: PERFORMANCE AND C& I SYSTEM VERIFICATION WITH MODELING*
Chapter 10 - Performance, Performance Testing, and Performance Optimization* 566
PERFORMANCE 567
CASE STUDY 1: THE W501G TESTING AND VALIDATION IN THE SIEMENS WESTINGHOUSE ADVANCED TURBINE SYSTEMS PROGRAM* 619
CASE STUDY 2: A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO HOT SECTION COMPONENT LIFE MANAGEMENT* 627
CASE STUDY 3: STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATION OF ADVANCED GAS AND STEAM TURBINES IN POWER GENERATION APPLICATIONS* 631
CASE STUDY 4: A STUDY ON THE LIFE CYCLE IMPACT OF STEAM INJECTION* 638
CASE STUDY 5: AUGMENTATION OF GAS TURBINE POWER OUTPUT BY STEAM INJECTION* 641
CASE STUDY 6: INTEGRATING GAS TURBINES IN POWER AND COGENERATION APPLICATIONS* 652
CASE STUDY 7: AN INTEGRATED COMBINED-CYCLE PLANT DESIGN THAT PROVIDES FAST START CAPABILITY AT BASE-LOAD* 657
CASE STUDY 8: CHALLENGES IN THE DESIGN OF HIGH LOAD CYCLING OPERATION FOR COMBINED-CYCLE POWER PLANTS* 660
Chapter 11 - Gaseous Emissions and the Environment 670
GASEOUS EMISSIONS 670
EFFECTS OF EMISSIONS ON AIRCRAFT GAS TURBINE ENGINES 672
CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION* 675
CASE STUDY 1: THE CAPTURE, STORAGE, AND UTILIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY STATOIL* 681
APPENDIX 11A: EMISSIONS LEGISLATION 692
References for Section 3.1 696
Chapter 12 - Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul 702
OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES 703
MAINTENANCE*† 704
MAINTENANCE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 711
AUDITS OF AND RETROFITS WITH GT COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS* 712
CHANGING LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 716
RETROFITS AIMED AT OPERATIONAL OPTIMIZATION 717
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 721
ASSESSING AUDIT FINDINGS* 731
MAJOR REPAIR AND OVERHAUL CASE STUDIES 741
Chapter 13 - Installation 782
INSTALLATION OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES 782
ENERGY, (POWER GENERATION), AND MARINE INSTALLATIONS 795
INSTALLATION OF LAND-BASED AND MARINE ENGINES 797
Chapter 14 - The Business of Gas Turbines 798
CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS CLIMATE 800
CULTURE 802
RISK 808
SHIFTING TARGET” DATA DURING PROJECT DEVELOPMENT, NEGOTIATION, AND NEW MODEL INTRODUCTION 813
MARKET ASSESSMENT RISK 814
PLANT SITING 815
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONAL ASSESSMENT BY BOTH OEMS AND END USERS 815
CASE STUDY 1: ENHANCING RELIABILITY AND REDUCING O& M EXPENDITURES IN ADVANCED COMBINED CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS*
CASE STUDY 2: HOW CLOSE IS THE MEASURED PERFORMANCE TO THE TRUE OUTPUT AND HEAT RATE? THE PROOF IS IN THE TESTING!* 820
CASE STUDY 3: COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF POWER PLANTS WITH REGARD TO TECHNICAL, ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS 825
Chapter 15 - Manufacturing, Materials, and Metallurgy 834
BASIC MANUFACTURE 836
INSPECTION 845
OPTIMIZING GAS TURBINES WITH MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 847
Chapter 16 - Microturbines, Fuel Cells, and Hybrid Systems 868
MICROTURBINES 869
FUEL CELLS 869
APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES 873
CASE STUDY 1: MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS (MFC) 873
CASE STUDY 2: PEM FUEL CELLS (FCS) ON NAVAL SUBMARINES4 876
CASE STUDY 3: MICROTURBINE IN A CHP APPLICATION 876
CASE STUDY 4: A FUEL CELL APPLICATION 877
CASE STUDY 5: TUBULAR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL/GAS TURBINE HYBRID CYCLE POWER SYSTEMS 882
CASE STUDY 6: A TURBOGENERATOR FOR A FUEL CELL/GAS TURBINE HYBRID POWER PLANT 886
Chapter 17 - Training and Education 894
INDUSTRY TRAINING 894
CASE STUDY 1: OEM PROJECT APPLICATION ENGINEERS TRAINING* 895
TRAINING PROGRAMS WITHIN ACADEMIA 899
CASE STUDY 2: INDUSTRY SUPPORTED MULTIMEDIA AEROENGINE DESIGN CASE* 901
CASE STUDY 3: THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS COMPARED WITH ACTUAL COGENERATION PLANT† 902
CASE STUDY 4: UNDERGRADUATE ENGINE DESIGN PROGRAM*1 903
MISSION ANALYSIS 905
CASE STUDY 5: GAS TURBINE UNIVERSITY LABORATORY STUDY* 910
CASE STUDY 6: OEM WORKING WITH SEVERAL UNIVERSITIES ON GAS TURBINE PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT* 915
Chapter 18 - Future Trends in the Gas Turbine Industry 920
SOME NEWER TECHNOLOGIES 920
FUTURE BUSINESS TRENDS 926
POSITIONING WITH RESPECT TO TECHNOLOGY 933
USING TECHNOLOGY TO ADVANTAGE 935
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERNATIONAL CAUCUSES 937
OEM CHANGING FORTUNES 937
END-USER ASSOCIATIONS 940
DISTRIBUTED POWER: HOW LARGE DOES A POWER PLANT NEED TO BE? 941
THE POWER MIX 941
Chapter 19 - Basic Design Theory 946
OPERATIONAL ENVELOPE 946
PROPERTIES AND CHARTS FOR DRY AIR, COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, AND OTHER WORKING FLUIDS* 960
CASE STUDY 1: PREDICTION EFFECTS OF MASS-TRANSFER COOLING ON THE BLADE-ROW EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE AIRFOILS* 980
CASE STUDY 2: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ENGINE SUPPORTABILITY: PRELIMINARY DESIGNER’S CHALLENGE* 986
Chapter 20 - Additional References and Appendix for Unit Conversion 992
ADDITIONAL GENERAL REFERENCES 992
SOME SPECIFIC REFERENCES 993
PRESSURE AND STRESS 997
TEMPERATURE 998
Index 1000

Textauszug

Acronyms

ABB Asea Brown Boveri

ABRT Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology

AC ammonium carbonate

ACC active clearance control

ADC adjusted direct cooling

ADH advanced diffusion healing

AI Artificial intelligence

AIC adjusted indirect cooling

AMB active magnetic bearings

AOH Actual Operating Hours

APS Arizona Public Service's

APU Auxiliary Power Units

ARC Albany Research Center

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASU air separation unit

ATF Altitude Test Facility

ATS Advanced Turbine System

AVA Aerodynamische Versuchs-Anstalt

AVT All-Volatile Equipment

BAT best available technology

BFO blended fuel oil

BOOT build, own, operate, transfer

BOP balance of plant

BOV blow-off valves

BP booster pump

BPST Back-Pressure Steam Turbine

BVM Blade Vibration Monitor

CAS close air support

CC Combined-Cycle Power Plan

CCPP combined cycle power plant

CDA controlled diffusion airfoils

CE Coulombic efficiency

CEC Community Environmental Council

CEM continuous emission monitoring

CF cycle fatigue

CFCC continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composites

CFD computational fluid dynamic

CHP Combined Heat and Power Plant

CMC ceramic matrix composite

CMM coordinate measurement machine

CMS condition monitoring system

CO carbon monoxide

COD chemical oxygen demand

COG Coke Oven Gas

CP Constant Pressure

CPP captive power plant

CPUC California Public Utilities Commission

CSP concentrating solar power

CV Constant Volume

DCS Distributed Control System

DDA direct drive alternator

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DLE Dry Low Emissions

DLN dry low NOx

DOE The US Department of Energy

DS directionally solidification

DSS Daily Start and Stop

EAM electronics assembly module

EC engineering criteria

ECMS Engine Condition Monitoring Systems

EEL Exxon Energy Limited

EGAT Electrical Generating Authority of Thailand

EGR Exhaust Gas Recirculation

EGT European Gas Turbine

EIA Energy Information Administration

EOH equivalent operating hours

EOH equivalent operating hours

EPA engine performance analysis

EPC Engineering, Procurement, and Construction

EPDC Electric Power Development Co.

EPEC Existing Plants, Emissions & Capture

ESR effective structural repair

ESS engine section stator

ETATH Thermal efficiency for shaft power engines

ETN European Turbine network

FADEC full-authority digital engine controls

FBH front bearing housing

FCCU fluid catalytic cracking units

FCFC full coverage film cooling

FGD flue gas desulfurization

FHV fuel heating value

FIC fixed indirect cooling

FOCM Fiber Optic Communication Module

FOG Finex Oven Gas

FOVM Fiber Optic Vibration Monitor

FPA fuel purchase agreement

FT Fischer-Tropsch

GE General Electric's

GEAE General Electric Aircraft Engine

GG gas generator

GM General Motors

GT GAS TURBINE

GTCU gas turbine change unit

GTUA Gas Turbine Users Association

HAP hazardous air pollutants

HAT humid air turbine

HCF high-cycle fatigue

HEFPP High Efficiency Fossil Power Plants

HFO Heavy Fuel Oil

HGP hot-gas-path

HHV higher heating value

HIP hot isostatic pressing

HMIP Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution

HP High Pressure

HPC high-pressure compressor

HRATE Heat rate for shaft power cycles

HRSG heat recovery steam generator

HTDU high temperature demonstration unit

IAE International Aero Engines

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

IBA independent bearing assembly

IEEE Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers

IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

IGV Inlet Guide Vane

IHPTET Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology

IMO International Maritime Organisation

IOR improved oil recovery

IP Infrared Pyrometry

IP intermediate pressure

IPC Integrated Pollution Control

IPC intermediate pressure compressor

IPG International Power Generation

IPP independent power producers

IR infra-red

IR Ingersoll Rand

ISA International Standard Atmosphere

ITM ion transport membrane

JDF Japan, the DME forum

JSF Joint Strike Fighter

LCA life cycle analysis

LCA life cycle assessment

LCC Life Cycle Cost

LCF low-cycle fatigue

LD liquidated damages

LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

LHV lower heating value

LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

LNCFS low NOx concentric firing system

LP Low Pressure

LPG Liquefied petroleum gas

LSB last stage blades

LTSA long-term service...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 23.10.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Thermodynamik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 0-12-410485-1 / 0124104851
• ISBN-13: 978-0-12-410485-3 / 9780124104853