Contouring (eBook)

A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data

Debbie Watson (Autor)

Daniel F Merriam (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2013 | 1. Auflage
340 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-8735-5 (ISBN)

Infos

This unique book is the key to computer contouring, exploring in detail the practice and principles using a personal computer. Contouring allows a three dimensional view in two dimensions and is a fundamental technique to represent spatial data. All aspects of this type of representation are covered including data preparation, selecting contour intervals, interpolation and griding, computing volumes and output and display.

Formulated for both the novice and the experienced user, this book initially conducts the reader through a step by step explanation of PC software and its application to personal data, and then presents the rationale and concepts for contouring using the computer.

Accompanying the book is a set of BASIC programs, in ASCII format, on an MS-DOS 360KB floppy disk. These programs implement eighteen interpolation methods, five gradient estimation techniques, and seven types of display, and are designed to be adapted or combined to suit a wide range of possible objectives concerning either the comparative study of contouring methodology or the practical production of contour displays.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Contouring: A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Figures and Tables 12
Series Editor's Foreword 14
Preface 16
PART 1: Practical Contouring 20
Section 1.0. Getting a Picture 22
SECTION SUMMARY 22
FIRST 22
LOADING A PROGRAM 22
PLOTTER OUTPUT 24
Section 1.1. Data Preparation 26
SECTION SUMMARY 26
INTRODUCTION 26
DATA SET STRUCTURE 26
Section 1.2. Setting Contour Levels 30
SECTION SUMMARY 30
CONTOURS 30
SETTING CONTOUR LEVELS 30
Section 1.3. Data Windows 32
SECTION SUMMARY 32
WINDOWS 32
SELECTING DATA WINDOWS 33
Section 1.4. Adjusting Surface Tautness 36
SECTION SUMMARY 36
SURFACES 36
SETTING TAUTNESS 38
Section 1.5. Display Types 40
SECTION SUMMARY 40
OUTPUT RESOLUTION 40
GRIDDING 41
PLANAR ISOLINES 42
ISOMETRIC ISOLINES 42
ISOMETRIC ORTHOGONAL PROFILES 42
STEREOGRAMS 43
Section 1.6. Changing Color-fill Colors 44
SECTION SUMMARY 44
COLORS 44
COLOR SPECTRUM 45
Section 1.7. Computing Volumes 46
SECTION SUMMAR 46
INTRODUCTION 46
AREA OF A PARALLELOGRAM 47
AREA OF A TRIANGLE 48
VOLUME OF A TRIANGULAR PRISM 48
VOLUME UNDE RA SURFACE 49
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 50
CIRCUMCENTER OF A TRIANGLE 50
AREA OF A TRIANGLE IN 3D 51
CIRCUMCENTER OF A TETRAHEDRON 52
CIRCUMCENTE R OF A TRIANGLE IN 3D 53
VOLUM E OF A PARALLELEPIPED 53
VOLUM E OF A TETRAHEDRON 53
GEOMETRICAL STATISTICS 54
Section 1.8. Trouble shooting 56
SECTION SUMMARY 56
DATA SET PROBLEMS 56
WORKING STORAGE EXCEEDED 56
INPUT DATA WINDOW 58
Section 1.9. Program Adaptations 60
SECTION SUMMARY 60
COMBINING PROGRAMS 60
THREADING ISOLINES 60
HISTOGRAMS 61
OGIVES 61
BLOCK AVERAGES 62
COMBINING SURFACE 62
PART 2: Principles of Contouring 64
Section 2.0. General Concepts of Contouring 66
SECTION SUMMARY 66
INTRODUCTION 66
TOPOGRAPHICAL DATA 67
HISTORY OF CONTOURING 67
ISOLINE MAPS 68
DOT DENSITY MAPS 69
ISOCHOR MAPS 69
OTHER MAPS 71
COMPUTING CONTOURS 72
MAJOR DIFFICULTIES OF CONTOURING 73
Section 2.1. Data Sorting 76
SECTION SUMMARY 76
INTRODUCTION 76
PROXIMAL ORDER 77
EXPRESSING PROXIMAL ORDER 82
NATURAL NEIGHBOR SORTING ALGORITHMS 83
Section 2.2. Subset Selection 88
SECTION SUMMARY 88
INTRODUCTION 88
SUBSET REQUIREMENTS 89
SELECTION CRITERIA 90
Section 2.3. Local Coordinates 94
SECTION SUMMARY 94
INTRODUCTION 94
BINARY LOCAL COORDINATES 95
BARYCENTRIC COORDINATES 95
RECTANGULAR LOCAL COORDINATES 97
NATURAL NEIGHBOR COORDINATES 100
COMPUTING NATURAL NEIGHBOR COORDINATES 101
Section 2.4. GradientEstimation 104
SECTION SUMMARY 104
INTRODUCTION 104
SURFACE TYPES 105
GRADIENT SUBSETS 106
TANGENT PLANES 106
Section 2.5 Interpolation 120
SECTION SUMMARY 120
INTRODUCTION 120
IDEAL INTERPOLATION 122
DIFFICULT ASPECTS 123
GENERAL APPROACHES 123
FITTED FUNCTION INTERPOLATION 124
WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTERPOLATION 124
MANUAL METHODS 125
COMPUTER METHODS 132
DISCUSSION 178
SECTION 2.6. Blending Functions 182
SECTION SUMMARY 182
INTRODUCTION 182
GLOBAL BLENDING FUNCTIONS 183
LOCAL BLENDING FUNCTIONS 186
SECTION 2. 7 OutputTechnique s 196
SECTION SUMMARY 196
INTRODUCTION 196
DISPLAY MEDIA 196
OUTPUT DATABASE 197
TRIANGULAR GRIDS 198
FOLLOWING CONTOURS 199
ISOMETRIC VIEWS 200
INTERVAL FILLING 201
COLOR-FILLED ISOMETRIC VIEWS 202
ORTHOGONAL PROFILES 203
STEREOGRAMS 203
NUMERICAL OUTPUT 204
SECTION 2.8. Execution Efficiency 208
SECTION SUMMARY 208
SPATIAL SORTING 208
GRADIENT ESTIMATION 209
INTERPOLATION EFFICIENCY 210
DISPLAY EFFICIENCY 211
Some Published Programs 214
SUMMARY 214
Glossary of Contouring Terms 216
References to Contouring Literatur 220
Appendix: Included Software 242
SUMMARY 242
INITIALIZATION AND DATA INPUT 242
GRADIENT ESTIMATION 243
SURFACE CONSTRUCTION 243
Index 336

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.10.2013
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geophysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Astronomie / Astrophysik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-8735-1 / 1483287351
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-8735-5 / 9781483287355