Processes of Continental Rifting (eBook)

Selected Papers from the Lunar and Planetary Institute Topical Conference on the Processes of Planetary Rifting, Held in St. Helena, California, U.S.A., December 3-5, 1981

B.H. Baker, P. Morgan (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2013 | 1. Auflage
685 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-8982-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Selected papers from the Lunar and Planetary Institute Topical Conference, St. Helena, CA, USA, 3-5 Dec. 1981

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Processes of Continental Rifting 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
Dedication 6
Preface 8
List of Authors 10
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION—PROCESSES OF CONTINENTAL RIFTING 14
MODELS OF RIFTING 14
CONSTRAINTS ON THE MODELS 18
RESOURCES ASSOCIATED WITH RIFTING 20
CONCLUDING REMARKS 21
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 22
REFERENCES CITED 22
Part 1: Models of Rifting 24
CHAPTER 2. MECHANISM OF GRABEN FORMATION—THE WEDGE SUBSIDENCE HYPOTHESIS 
24 
ABSTRACT 24
INTRODUCTION 24
THE WEDGE SUBSIDENCE HYPOTHESIS 26
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF GRABEN FORMATION 28
SOURCE OF THE TENSILE STRESS 32
CONCLUSIONS 33
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 34
REFERENCES 34
CHAPTER 3. RIFTS AND SWELLS: GEOPHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS ON CAUSALITY 36
ABSTRACT 36
INTRODUCTION 36
UPLIFT CAUSED BY RIFTING 37
SWELL-INDUCED RIFTS 42
CONCLUSIONS 48
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 48
REFERENCES 49
CHAPTER 4. MECHANISMS OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE RIFTING 52
ABSTRACT 52
INTRODUCTION 52
STRESSES GENERATED BY LITHOSPHERIC THINNING 58
CONCLUSIONS 62
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 62
REFERENCES 62
CHAPTER 5. MECHANISMS OF UPLIFT PRECEDING RIFTING 64
ABSTRACT 64
INTRODUCTION 64
THE THERMAL CONDUCTION MODEL 66
THE DIAPIRIC UPRISE MODEL 72
CONCLUSIONS 77
REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER 6. CONVECTIVE THINNING OF THE LITHOSPHERE: A MECHANISM FOR RIFTING AND MID-PLATE VOLCANISM ON EARTH, VENUS, AND MARS 80
ABSTRACT 80
INTRODUCTION 80
THE MODEL 83
SOLUTIONS TO THE MODEL EQUATIONS 85
DISCUSSION 87
THINNING OF THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE 88
VULNERABILITY OF THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE 91
THINNING OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE 92
UPLIFT OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE OVER HOT SPOTS 95
THINNING OF THE LITHOSPHERES OF VENUS AND MARS 97
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 101
REFERENCES 101
CHAPTER 7. MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF CONTINENTAL RIFTING 104
ABSTRACT 104
INTRODUCTION 104
PLATE COLLISION 106
LINKING OF HOT SPOTS 109
LITHOSPHERIC EXTENSION 110
MANTLE DIAPIR MODEL 110
DISCUSSION 118
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 120
REFERENCES 120
CHAPTER 8. SUBMARINE RIFTING AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 122
ABSTRACT 122
INTRODUCTION 122
CONDITIONS AT THE RIDGE CREST 123
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL 125
MODEL RESULTS 128
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 132
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 134
REFERENCES 134
CHAPTER 9. HOTSPOT TRACKS AND THE EARLY RIFTING OF THE ATLANTIC 136
ABSTRACT 136
INTRODUCTION 136
PLATE RECONSTRUCTIONS 137
HOTSPOT TRACKS 143
UPLIFT OF SHIELDS 147
SUMMARY 150
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 151
REFERENCES 151
CHAPTER 10. MECHANISM OF SUBSIDENCE OF ANCIENT CRATONIC RIFT BASINS 154
ABSTRACT 154
INTRODUCTION 155
RHEOLOGICAL FLEXURE MODEL OF THE LITHOSPHERE 160
MATERIAL PARAMETERS 165
RESPONSE OF THE NONLINEAR MAXWELL FLEXURE MODEL 167
THE REACTIVATION OF CRATONIC BASINS 170
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 178
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 180
REFERENCES 180
CHAPTER 11. PHENOMENA OF PULSATION TECTONICS RELATED TO THE BREAKUP OF THE EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENTAL MARGIN 182
ABSTRACT 182
INTRODUCTION 182
SPREADING RATE IMPLICATIONS 185
IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL PROCESSES, PULSATION TECTONICS, AND ORIGIN OF THE FIRST ORDER GEO-CYCLES 188
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 196
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 196
REFERENCES 197
Part 2: Geophysical Constraints on Rifting 200
CHAPTER 12. GRAVITY STUDY OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM: A MODEL OF CONTINENTAL DISRUPTION 200
ABSTRACT 200
INTRODUCTION 200
GEOLOGY OF THE NGAOUNDERE AND ABU GABRA RIFTS 202
GRAVITY DATA 203
INTERPRETATION 210
TECTONIC MODEL 212
DISCUSSION 213
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 215
REFERENCES 215
CHAPTER 13. GRAVITY STUDY OF THE CENTRAL AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM: A MODEL OF CONTINENTAL DISRUPTION 218
ABSTRACT 218
INTRODUCTION 218
GEOLOGY AND EPEIROGENY OF THE DARFUR DOME 220
GRAVITY STUDY 224
DISCUSSION 229
CONCLUSIONS 232
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 233
REFERENCES 233
CHAPTER 14. BAIKAL RIFT: ACTIVE OR PASSIVE? — COMPARISON OF THE BAIKAL AND KENYA RIFT ZONES 236
ABSTRACT 236
INTRODUCTION 236
VOLCANICS AND SEDIMENTS 237
ARCHED UPLIFTS 238
RIFT DEPRESSIONS 241
GREAT DYKES 242
THE EARTH'S CRUST AND THE MAGNITUDE OF ITS EXTENSION 244
LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERE 246
CONCLUSIONS 250
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 252
REFERENCES 252
CHAPTER 15. PROCESSES OF PLANETARY RIFTING AS SEEN IN THE RIFTING AND BREAK UP OF AFRICA 254
ABSTRACT 254
INTRODUCTION 254
RIFTING AND THINNING: WHICH COMES FIRST? 255
EVOLUTION OF RIFTING: CONTINUOUS OR DISCONTINUOUS 260
A REVISED MODEL FOR RIFTING AND LITHOSPHERIC THINNING 262
REFERENCES 264
CHAPTER 16. THE DISTRIBUTION AND IMPLICATIONS OF HEAT FLOW FROM THE GREGORY RIFT IN KENYA 266
ABSTRACT 266
INTRODUCTION 266
HEAT FLOW METHODS AND CALCULATIONS 269
BOGORIA 276
EBURRU 277
OLKARIA 278
NATRON 278
CONDUCTIVE VERSUS ADVECTIVE MEASUREMENTS 280
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GEOTHERMAL REGIONS IN THE GREGORY RIFT: IMPLICATIONS FOR VOLCANIC, TECTONIC AND THERMAL WAVE LENGTHS 281
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 286
REFERENCES 287
CHAPTER 17. CONSTRAINTS ON RIFT THERMAL PROCESSES FROM HEAT FLOW AND UPLIFT 290
ABSTRACT 290
INTRODUCTION 290
HEAT FLOW DATA FROM CONTINENTAL RIFT ZONES 291
UPLIFT IN CONTINENTAL RIFT ZONES 294
APPLICATION OF THERMAL UPLIFT MODELS TO CONTINENTAL RIFTS 306
CONCLUSIONS 308
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 309
REFERENCES 309
CHAPTER 18. MAGNETOTELLURIC RESULTS OPPOSING MAGMA ORIGIN OF CRUSTAL CONDUCTORS IN THE RIO GRANDE RIFT 312
ABSTRACT 312
INTRODUCTION 312
SOURCES OF CRUSTAL CONDUCTIVE ZONES 315
RIO GRANDE RIFT MAGNETOTELLURIC STUDIES 323
RIO GRANDE RIFT GEOELECTRIC MODELS 331
CONCLUSIONS 331
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 335
REFERENCES 335
CHAPTER 19. CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT AND A COMPARISON WITH OTHER CONTINENTAL RIFT ZONES 340
ABSTRACT 340
INTRODUCTION 340
REGIONAL SETTING 341
REFRACTION DATA 342
THE AXIAL PROFILE 346
THE CROSS PROFILES 347
GRAVITY MODELS 349
DISCUSSION OF REFRACTION AND GRAVITY RESULTS 353
COMPARISON WITH OTHER CONTINENTAL RIFTS 354
CONCLUSIONS 357
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 357
REFERENCES 358
CHAPTER 20. THE ROLE OF SEISMIC REFRACTION DATA FOR STUDIES OF THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF CONTINENTAL RIFTS 360
ABSTRACT 360
INTRODUCTION 360
METHODS OF OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS 362
STATUS OF REFRACTION PROFILING IN CONTINENTAL RIFTS 365
CONCLUSIONS 377
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 378
REFERENCES 379
Part 3: Geological and Geochemical Constraints on Rifting 382
CHAPTER 21. CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF RIFTED CONTINENTAL MARGINS: GEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS FROM THE PROTEROZOIC ROCKS OF THE CANADIAN SHIELD 382
ABSTRACT 382
INTRODUCTION 382
TYPES OF PROTEROZOIC RIFT SEQUENCES 383
GEOLOGY OF RIFT ASSEMBLAGES RELATED TO POSSIBLE PROTEROZOIC CONTINENTAL MARGINS 385
DISCUSSION: CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF CONTINENTAL MARGINS 395
CONCLUSIONS 398
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 398
REFERENCES 398
CHAPTER 22. THE ROLE OF RIFTING IN THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIDCONTINENT, U.S.A. 402
ABSTRACT 402
INTRODUCTION 402
PRECAMBRIAN RIFTS 406
EOCAMBRIAN RIFTS 408
MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC RIFTS 415
DISCUSSION 417
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 420
REFERENCES 420
CHAPTER 23. GEOLOGIC AND GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC (KEWEENAWAN) MIDCONTINENT RIFT OF NORTH AMERICA 424
ABSTRACT 424
INTRODUCTION 424
EVIDENCE AND INTERPRETATION 428
DISCUSSION 435
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 444
REFERENCES 444
CHAPTER 24. TIMING AND CHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOUTHERN OKLAHOMA AULACOGEN 450
ABSTRACT 450
INTRODUCTION 450
GEOLOGICAL SETTING 455
DEVELOPMENT OF THE AULACOGEN 460
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 464
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 464
REFERENCES 465
CHAPTER 25. ORIGIN OF THE OSLO GRABEN IN RELATION TO THE HERCYNIAN–ALLEGHENIAN OROGENY AND LITHOSPHERIC RIFTING IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC 468
ABSTRACT 468
INTRODUCTION 469
DEFINITION OF THE OSLO GRABEN 469
DOLERITE INTRUSIVES 470
A LATE CARBONIFEROUS OCEANIC RIFT (HYPOTHESIS I) 471
LINKS BETWEEN THE HERCYNIAN OROGENY, DYKES AND OSLO GRABEN (HYPOTHESIS II) 474
TEST OF HYPOTHESES 
475 
PLATE TECTONIC SYNTHESIS 477
CONCLUSIONS 479
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 479
REFERENCES 480
CHAPTER 26. ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE CONTINENTAL RIFTING: EVIDENCE FROM THE WEST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM 484
ABSTRACT 484
INTRODUCTION 484
THE WEST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM 485
ORIGIN OF THE CAMEROON LINE 487
IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTINENTAL RIFTING 490
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 491
REFERENCES 491
CHAPTER 27. TECTONIC AND GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION OF THE ESPANOLA BASIN, RIO GRANDE RIFT: STRUCTURE, RATE OF EXTENSION, AND RELATION TO THE STATE OF STRESS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 494
ABSTRACT 494
INTRODUCTION 495
STRATIGRAPHY 496
STRUCTURE 498
TECTONIC AND GEOLOGIC HISTORY 502
RATE OF EXTENSION 507
RELATION OF RIO GRANDE RIFT TECTONICS TO REGIONAL STRESSES 509
WAS RIFTING IN THE RIO GRANDE RIFT AND BASIN AND RANGE ACTIVE OR PASSIVE 512
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 514
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 515
REFERENCES 515
CHAPTER 28. THE MORTON–BLACK HYPOTHESIS FOR THE THINNING OF CONTINENTAL CRUST—REVISITED IN WESTERN AFAR 520
ABSTRACT 520
INTRODUCTION 520
THE WESTERN MARGIN OF AFAR AT LATITUDE 12.58N 521
EVOLUTION OF THE WESTERN AFAR MARGIN 529
THE MORTON-BLACK HYPOTHESIS REVIEWED 531
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 536
REFERENCES 537
CHAPTER 29. CONTINENTAL RIFT JUMPS 540
ABSTRACT 540
INTRODUCTION 540
ICELANDIC JUMPS 541
AFAR JUMPS 542
BENUE TROUGH-CAMEROON VOLCANICS 543
KENYA RIFT JUMPS 543
JUMPING RELATIONS 545
MORE JUMPS 549
CONCLUSIONS 549
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 549
REFERENCES 550
CHAPTER 30. SURFACE DEFORMATION IN VOLCANIC RIFT ZONES 552
ABSTRACT 552
INTRODUCTION 552
THE SOURCE OF DISPLACEMENT FIELDS 554
IMPLICATIONS OF THE SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS 557
INTERPRETATION OF CONTINUOUS VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT PROFILES 562
INTERPRETATION OF DISCONTINUOUS VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT PROFILES 567
THE NATURE OF SURFACE STRUCTURES 572
THE NATURE OF SURFACE STRUCTURES 
577 
INTERPRETATION OF GROUND DEFORMATION 580
DISCUSSION 585
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 587
REFERENCES 587
CHAPTER 31. THE CHEMICAL AND THERMAL EVOLUTION OF RIFTS 590
ABSTRACT 590
RIFTS AS PERMISSIVE STRUCTURES IN OCEANS AND CONTINENTS 590
GENERAL EFFECTS OF GAS RELEASE FROM THE DEEP MANTLE 
594 
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LITHOSPHERE THERMAL HISTORY AND MAGMATISM 596
OBSERVED VARIATIONS OF STABLE CONTINENTAL MAGMATISM WITH LITHOSPHERE CONDITION 598
CONCLUSIONS 599
REFERENCES 600
CHAPTER 32. MAJOR STAGES OF RIFTING EVOLUTION IN THE EARTH'S HISTORY 604
ABSTRACT 604
INTRODUCTION 604
ARCHEAN EPOCH 605
EARLY PROTEROZOIC EPOCH 607
LATE PROTEROZOIC EPOCH 608
PALEOZOIC EPOCH 609
MESO-CENOZOIC EPOCH 610
CONCLUSIONS 612
REFERENCES 612
Part 4: Resources associated with Rifting 614
CHAPTER 33. CONTINENTAL RIFTING AND PORPHYRY–MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCES IN THE OSLO REGION, NORWAY 614
ABSTRACT 614
INTRODUCTION 615
MAIN FEATURES OF THE OSLO RIFT SYSTEM 615
SOUTH NORWEGIAN MOLYBDENUM-PROVINCE 621
PORPHYRY-MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCES 623
SYNTHESIS 629
CONCLUSIONS 633
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 634
REFERENCES 634
CHAPTER 34. ACCUMULATION OF FOSSIL FUELS AND METALLIC MINERALS IN ACTIVE AND ANCIENT RIFT LAKES 638
ABSTRACT 638
INTRODUCTION 638
INTERACTION OF RIFTING AND DEPOSITION 640
TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC TISSUES TO COAL AND PETROLEUM 649
RESERVOIRS, SEALS, AND TRAPS 653
POSTDEPOSITIONAL MOBILIZATION OF METALLIC ELEMENTS 655
CONCLUSIONS 656
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 657
REFERENCES 657
CHAPTER 35. GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES OF RIFTS: A COMPARISON OF THE RIO GRANDE RIFT AND THE SALTON TROUGH 664
ABSTRACT 664
INTRODUCTION 664
SALTON TROUGH 666
RIO GRANDE RIFT 672
SUMMARY 681
REFERENCES 682
SUBJECT INDEX 684

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.10.2013
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geophysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-8982-6 / 1483289826
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-8982-3 / 9781483289823