Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry (eBook)

2nd Edition of Nuclear Chemistry, Theory and Applications

Gregory Choppin, Jan-Olov Liljenzin, JAN RYDBERG (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2016 | 2. Auflage
720 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-9346-2 (ISBN)

Infos

Nuclear chemistry comprises isotope chemistry, radiochemistry, radiation chemistry and nuclear reaction chemistry, along with applications. These interrelated fields are all covered in this textbook for chemists and chemical engineers. This new editionof the standard work 'Nuclear Chemistry' has been completely rewritten and restructured to suit teaching and learning needs in a wide range of chemistry courses, such as basic courses in radiochemistry, or more advanced nuclear chemistry courses.The book is divided into sections that closely fit teaching demands. The first chapter gives a broad introduction and background to the subject, and the second chapter covers stable isotopes. Chapters 3 to 9 comprise what is generally regarded as'radiochemistry'. Chapters 10 to 17 offer a course in nuclear reaction chemistry. Chapter 18 deals with biological radiation effects for the chemist. The last four chapters give a guide to nuclear energy: energy production, fuel cycle, waste management,the largest applied field of nuclear chemistry. Over 200 exercises, with model answers, remain largely unchanged from the first edition, so teachers working from the earlier text should find only advantages in switching to this new restructured coursebook on all aspects of nuclear chemistry. 'The book fully meets the authors objectives, it is well written in a logical, objective, thought-provoking and quite easily readable style. It should appeal to the serious student of radio- and nuclearchemistry at either undergraduate or postgraduate level, as well as to readers with a more general interest in nuclear science and its impact on the environment.' - Applied Radiation and Isotopes, July 1995 'This book is an excellent, readable accountof a significant part of the scientific achievements of more than half this century. The authors have dedicated the book to Nobel Laureate Glenn T. Seaborg and its scholarship makes it a fitting tribute.' - Radiological Protection Bulletin, December 1995

Jan-Olov Liljenzin was professor in Nuclear Chemistry at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, between 1989 and 2001, where he was also Dean of the School of Chemical Engineering from 1990 to 1995. Between 1986 and 1989 he was professor in Chemistry at the University of Oslo and Head of the National Committee on Nuclear Science in Norway. Prior to this, his extensive experience saw him hold positions at institutes around the world, including Euratom CCR, Ispra, Italy, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA. He is an elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Royal Society of Arts and Languages, Göteborg and a permanent member of the Swedish Chemical Society.His research has, among other things, involved the influence of chemistry on core melt accidents, leading on to international research about iodine chemistry, how to mitigate radioactive releases from nuclear accidents, various methods of treatment and separation of spent radioactive fuel, and chemical aspects of final repositories for radioactive waste. After his return to Sweden he was chairman of the research committee at the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate until his retirement. He has 255 published papers and reports in his name or as a coauthor, and is coauthor of several textbooks and monographies.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Dedication 3
Foreword 8
Chapter 
10 
1.1. Radioactive elements 10
1.2. Radioactive decay 11
1.3. Discovery of isotopes 12
1.4. Atomic models 15
1.5. Literature 18
Chapter 
20 
2.1. Species of atomic nuclei 20
2.2. Atomic masses and atomic weights 21
2.3. Determination of isotopic masses and abundances 23
2.4. Isotopic ratios in nature 27
2.5. Physicochemical differences for isotopes1 29
2 .6 . Isotope effects in chemical equilibrium 29
2.7. Isotope effects in chemical kinetics 36
2.8. Isotope separation processes 39
2.9. Exercises 48
2.10. Literature 48
Chapter 
50 
3.1. Patterns of nuclear stability 50
3.2. Neutron to proton ratio 52
3.3. Mass defect 54
3.4. Binding energy 56
3.5. Nuclear radius 57
3.6. Semiempirical mass equation 59
3.7. Valley of ß-stability 60
3.8. The missing elements: 43Tc and 61Pm 62
3,9. Other modes of instability 65
3.10. Exercises 65
Chapter 
67 
4.1. Radioactive decay 67
4.2. Conservation laws 69
4.3. Alpha decay 70
4.4. Beta decay 72
4.5. Gamma emission and internal conversion 79
4.6. Spontaneous fission 81
4.7. Rare modes of decay 83
4.8. Decay schemes and isotope charts 83
4.9. Secondary processes in the atom 85
4.10. Closed decay energy cycles 87
4.11. Kinetics of simple radioactive decay 88
4.12. Mixed decay 91
4.13. Radioactive decay units 92
4.14. Branching decay 93
4.15. Successive radioactive decay 93
4.16. Radioisotope generators 98
4.17. Decay energy and half-life 99
4.18. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle 99
4.19. Exercises 100
4.20. Literature 102
Chapter 
103 
5.1. Cosmogenic radionuclides 104
5.2. Primordial radionuclides 106
5.3. Transuranic elements in nature and the Np decay series 108
5.4. Thorium 112
5.5. Uranium 113
5.6. Radium and radon in the environment 117
5.7. Disequilibrium 118
5.8. Age determination from radioactive decay 119
5.9. Natural radioactivity of the oceans 126
5.10. Anthropogenic radioactivity in nature 127
5.11. Exercises 130
5.12. Literature 130
Chapter 
132 
6.1. Survey of absorption processes 134
6.2. Absorption curves 135
6.3. Absorption of protons and heavier ions 139
6.4. Absorption of electrons 143
6.5. Absorption of 7 . -radiation 150
6 .6 . Absorption of neutrons 156
6.7. Radiation shielding 156
6.8. Analytical applications of radiation absorption 158
6.9. Technical applications of radiation sources 166
6.10. Exercises 173
6.11. Literature 174
Chapter 
175 
7.1. Energy transfer 176
7.2. Radiation tracks 178
7.3. Radiation dose and radiation yield 179
7.4. Metals 181
7.5. Inorganic nonmetallic compounds 182
7.6. Water 185
7.7. Aqueous solutions 186
7.8. Organic compounds 189
7.9. Experimental methods 192
7.11. Large-scale non-biological applications 195
7.12. Technical uses of small dose-rates 198
7.14. Literature 199
Chapter 
201 
8.1. Track measurements 202
8.2. General properties of detectors 207
8.3. Gas counters 213
8.4. Semiconductor detectors 221
8.5. Scintillation detectors 227
8.6. Cerenkov detectors 231
8.7. Electronics for pulse counting 232
8.8. Special counting systems 238
8.9. Absolute disintegration rates 240
8.10. Sample preparation 242
8.11. Statistics of counting and associated error 242
8.12. Exercises 246
8.13. Literature 246
Chapter 
248 
9.1. Basic assumptions for tracer use 249
9.2. Chemistry of trace concentrations 250
9,3. Analytical chemistry 257
9.4. Applications to general chemistry 265
9.5. Applications to life sciences 275
9.6. Industrial uses of radiotracers 286
9.7. Environmental applications 288
9.8. Exercises 289
9.9. Literature 290
Chapter 
292 
10.1. Primary cosmic radiation 292
10.2. Secondary reactions in the earth's atmosphere 295
10.3. Elementary particles and forces of nature 296
10.4. Waves and particles 298
10.5. Formation and properties of some elementary particles 299
10.6. The neutrino 301
10.7. Quarks and the Standard Model 303
10.8. Exercises 307
10.9. Literature 307
Chapter 
308 
11.1. Requirements of a nuclear model 309
11.2. Rotational energy and angular momentum 312
11.3. The single-particle shell model 320
11.4. Deformed nuclei 325
11.5. The unified model of deformed nuclei 327
11.6. Interaction between the nuclear spin and the electron structure 328
11.7. Radioactive decay and nuclear structure 333
11.8. Exercises 342
11.9. Literature 342
Chapter 
343 
12.1. Conservation laws in nuclear reactions 343
12.2. The mass energy 344
12.3. The Coulomb barrier 345
12.4. Rutherford scattering 349
12.5. Elastic scattering 350
12.6. Inelastic scattering 352
12.7. Dissecting a nuclear reaction 352
12.8. The compound nucleus model 354
12.9. Radioactive neutron sources 355
12.10. Exercises 356
Chapter 
357 
13.1· Charged particle accelerators 357
13.2. Ion source 358
13.3. Single-stage accelerators 359
13.4. van de Graaff accelerators 361
13.5. Multiple-stage linear accelerators 362
13.6. Cyclotrons 365
13,7. Frequency modulated cyclotrons and synchrotrons 368
13.8. Neutron generators 370
13.9. Areas of application for accelerators 372
13.10. Exercises 372
13.11. Literature 373
Chapter 
374 
14.1. The reaction cross-section 374
14.2. Partial reaction cross-sections 376
14.3. Resonance and tunneling 377
14.4. Neutron capture and scattering 379
14.5. Neutron diffraction 380
14.6. Models for nuclear reactions 381
14.7. Nuclear fission 387
14.8. Photonuclear reactions 394
14.9. Exercises 395
14.10. Literature 395
Chapter 
396 
15.1. General considerations 397
15.2. Irradiation yields 398
15.3. Second-order reactions 401
15.4. Target considerations 405
15.5. Product specifications 407
15.6. Recoil separations 410
15.7. Fast radiochemical separations 414
15.8. Exercises 420
15.9. Literature 422
Chapter 
423 
16.1. Early "transuranium" elements 423
16.2. Production of transuranic elements 424
16.3, Actinide properties 435
16.4. Uses of actinides 443
16.5. Chemistry of the transactinide elements 445
16.6. Exercises 445
16.7. Literature 446
Chapter 
447 
17.1. Observations from space probe Earth 448
17.2. In the beginning of time 454
17.3. Star ignition 457
17.4. Fusion processes in stars 459
17.5. Neutron capture process: from iron to uranium 465
17.6. Age of the Galaxy 470
17.7. The evolution of the planets and the Earth 472
17.8. Controlled thermonuclear reactions 474
17.9. Exercises 480
17.10. Literature 480
Chapter 
482 
18.1. The biological target 484
18.2. Radiation effects on the molecular level 486
18.3. Radiation effects on different types of cells 489
18.4. Some concepts of radiation biology 491
18.5. Further regularities at large doses 493
18.6. Epidemiological observations of effects at large radiation doses 495
18.7. Radiation sterilization 499
18.8. Genetic effects 500
18.9. Radiomimetic substances 501
18.10. Radiation background 502
18.11. Somatic effects of low radiation doses 503
18.12. The dose-effect curves 505
18.13. Regulatory recommendations and protection standards 507
18.14. Protective measures for radiochemical laboratory work 516
18.15. Control of radiation protection measures 520
18.16. Exercises 520
18.17. Literature 521
Chapter 
522 
19.1. The nuclear reactor 524
19.2. Energy release in fission 527
19.3. Fission probability 528
19.4. The fission factor 530
19.5. Neutron moderation 532
19.6. The neutron cycle 533
19.7. Neutron leakage and critical size 537
19.8. Reactor kinetics 538
19.9. Fuel utilization 541
19.10. The Oklo phenomenon 545
19.11. Reactor concepts 548
19.12. Research and test reactors 548
19.13. Thermal power reactors 549
19.14. Power station efficiency 554
19.15. Reactor safety 556
19.16. Radioactive reactor waste 561
19.17. Nuclear explosives 563
19.18. Exercises 566
19.19. Literature 567
Chapter 
568 
20.1. Thermal reactors 568
20.2. Chemistry of water cooled reactors 575
20.3. Breeder reactors 576
20.4. Reactor waste 581
20.5. Safe operation of nuclear reactors 587
20.6· Exercises 588
20.7. Literature 589
Chapter 
590 
21.1. Production of fuel elements 592
21.2. Power generation 595
21.3. Composition and properties of spent fuel elements 599
21.4. Management of spent fuel 605
21.5. Alternative fuel cycles 607
21.6. Reprocessing of uranium and mixed oxide fuels 611
21.7. Reprocessing thorium fuels 621
21.8. Wastes streams from reprocessing 622
21.9. Treatment and deposition of low and medium level wastes 626
21.10. Tank storage of high level liquid wastes 628
21.11. Options for final treatment of high level wastes 629
21.12. Solidification of high level liquid wastes 636
21.13. Deposition in geologic formations 639
21.14. Beneficial utilization of nuclear wastes 645
21.15. Exercises 646
21.16. Literature 647
Chapter 
648 
22.1. Radioactive releases and possible effects 649
22.2. Radionuclides of environmental concern 650
22.3. Releases from the Chernobyl accident 652
22.4. Injection of TRU into the environment 654
22.5, Present levels of TRU in the ecosphere 655
22.6. Actinide chemistry in the ecosphere 657
22.7. Speciation calculations 663
22.8· Natural analogues 667
22.9. The Oklo reactor 668
22.10. Performance assessments of waste repositories 669
22.11. Conclusions 678
22.12. Exercises 678
22.13. Literature 678
Appendix A: Solvent Extraction Separations 680
A.I. Single stage batch extractions 680
A.2. Multiple stage continuous processes 682
A.3. High loadings 684
A.4. Solvent extraction equipment 686
A.5. Exercises 687
A.6. Literature 687
Appendix B: Answers to Exercises 688
APPENDIX C: CHART OF THE NUCLIDES: on to 83Bi 691
APPENDIX I: PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 693
APPENDIX II: Quantities and units 694
APPENDIX III: Fundamental constants 695
Element and Nuclide Index 697
Subject Index1 702

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.1.2016
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Atom- / Kern- / Molekularphysik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-9346-7 / 1483293467
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-9346-2 / 9781483293462