Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice (eBook)

Volume 3: Flotation of Industrial Minerals

Srdjan M. Bulatovic (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2014 | 1. Auflage
238 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-093210-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice is a condensed form of the fundamental knowledge of chemical reagents commonly used in flotation and is addressed to the researchers and plant metallurgists who employ these reagents. This book consists of three distinct parts: part 1 provides detailed description of the chemistry used in mineral processing industry; part 2 describes theoretical aspects of the action of flotation reagents, while part 3 provides information on the use of reagents in over 100 operating plants treating Cu, Cu/Zn, Cu/Pb, Zn, Pb/Zn/Ag, Cu/Ni and Ni ores. - Looks at the theoretical aspects of flotation reagents - Examines the practical aspects of using chemical reagents in operating plants - Provides guidelines for researchers and engineers involved in process design and development

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Introduction 12
Chapter 26 - Flotation of Phosphate Ore 14
26.1 Introduction 14
26.2 Phosphate deposits and its origin 15
26.3 Flotation beneficiation of different phosphate ore types 15
26.4 Beneficiation of high iron and mixed iron, titanium ores 22
26.5 Plant practice in beneficiation of phosphate ores 26
References 31
Chapter 27 - Beneficiation of Beryllium Ores 34
27.1 Introduction 34
27.2 Ore and minerals of beryllium 34
27.3 Beneficiation of beryllium containing ores 37
References 53
Chapter 28 - Beneficiation of Lithium Ores 54
28.1 Introduction 54
28.2 Lithium ores and minerals 55
28.3 General overview of beneficiation of lithium ore 57
28.4 Flotation properties of different lithium minerals 57
28.5 Plant practices in beneficiation of lithium bearing ores 61
28.6 Chemical analyses of the spodumene concentrate from major world producers 68
References 69
Chapter 29 - Beneficiation of Florite Ores 70
29.1 Introduction 70
29.2 Fluorite ore deposits 71
29.3 Research and development in beneficiation of fluorite ores 72
References 88
Chapter 30 - Wollastonite 90
30.1 Introduction 90
30.2 Wollastonite minerals and deposits 90
30.3 Beneficiation of wollastonite ore 91
30.4 Major producing countries 100
References 102
Chapter 31 - Beneficiation of Zircon Containing Ores 104
31.1 Introduction 104
31.2 Zircon minerals and deposits 105
31.3 Flotation development of zircon 105
31.4 Beneficiation of heavy mineral sand containing zircon 108
31.5 Beneficiation of eudialyte containing ores 114
31.6 Chemical composition for zircon grades 115
References 118
Chapter 32 - Beneficiation of Feldspar Ore 120
32.1 Introduction 120
32.2 Ore and minerals of feldspars 120
32.3 Flotation properties of feldspar minerals 121
32.4 Feldspar quartz separation without use of HF acid 122
32.5 Beneficiation practices of ores containing feldspar spodumene quartz and mica 125
32.6 Sequential flotation of Na–feldspar and K–feldspar 131
References 132
Chapter 33 - Beneficiation of Silica Sand 134
33.1 Introduction 134
33.2 Silica sand deposits 135
33.3 Beneficiation of silica sand 135
33.4 Chemical analyses of pure silica sand used for various applications 140
References 140
Chapter 34 - Beneficiation of Barite Ores 142
34.1 Introduction 142
34.2 Barite ore deposits 142
34.3 Beneficiation of barite ores 143
34.4 Research and development 148
34.5 Specification for commercial barite products 152
References 153
Chapter 35 - Beneficiation of Celestite Ores 156
35.1 Introduction 156
35.2 Celestite ore deposits 156
35.3 Beneficiation of celestite ore 157
35.4 Celestite uses and specifications 164
References 165
Chapter 36 - Beneficiation of Potash Ore 166
36.1 Introduction 166
36.2 Potash deposits and minerals 167
36.3 Beneficiation of potash-containing ores 167
36.4 Treatment of potash ore in the presence of insoluble slimes 170
36.5 Other potash ore processing methods 173
36.6 Commercial operation 173
References 175
Chapter 37 - Beneficiation of Graphite Ore 176
37.1 Introduction 176
37.2 Graphite deposits 176
37.3 Beneficiation of graphite ores 177
References 184
Chapter 38 - Beneficiation of Mica-Containing Ore 186
38.1 Introduction 186
38.2 Mica minerals and deposits 187
38.3 Research and development on flotation of mica minerals 187
38.4 Flotation of individual mica minerals biotite (HK)2(MgFe)2Al2(SiO4)3 188
38.5 Commercial beneficiation plants 190
38.6 Commercial mica 193
References 197
Chapter 39 - Beneficiation of Coal 198
39.1 Introduction 198
39.2 Coal genesis 198
39.3 Beneficiation of coal 200
References 211
Chapter 40 - Beneficiation of Pollucite Containing Ore 212
40.1 Introduction 212
40.2 Principal minerals of cesium 213
40.3 Cesium containing deposits 213
40.4 Beneficiation of pollucite 214
40.5 Concluding remarks 219
References 219
Chapter 41 - Beneficiation of Iron Ores 220
41.1 Introduction 220
41.2 Iron ore deposits and minerals 221
41.3 Physical beneficiation method 221
41.4 Flotation beneficiation method 222
41.5 Examples of commercial operation 229
References 234
Index 236

Textauszug

Chapter 27

Beneficiation of Beryllium Ores

Abstract

Most of beryllium production comes from beryl and therefore flotation properties of beryl are examined in detail by various research organizations. Because beryl is found in the form of large crystals in various ore types, recovery of beryl from these ores is accomplished by sorting and or selective grinding due to the fact that the hardness of beryl is 7.5–8 (Mohs scale); during grinding, most of the gangue is ground finer than beryl and beryl is left in the coarse fraction, which is recovered by screening.

Keywords

Beryllium; Beryl minerals; Beryllium deposits; Beneficiation of beryl; Anionic cationic collectorBeryl acid flotation; Fatty acid oleic acid beryl flotation; Bertrandite phenacite flotation; Beryllium yttrium rare earth separation; Beryllium operating plants

Chapter Outline

27.1 Introduction 21

27.2 Ore and minerals of beryllium 21

27.3 Beneficiation of beryllium containing ores 24

27.3.1 Beneficiation of beryl 24

27.3.2 Flotation of beryl = general overviews 24

27.3.3 Flotation of beryl from pegmatite ores 29

27.3.4 Flotation of bertrandite and phenacite 31

27.3.4.1 Flotation of bertrandite and phenacite from Mount Wheeler ore U.S 34

27.3.4.2 Flotation of phenacite from complex beryllium, yttrium and REO ore 36

27.3.5 Operating plants 38

References 40

27.1. Introduction

Most of beryllium production comes from beryl and therefore flotation properties of beryl are examined in detail by various research organizations. Because beryl is found in the form of large crystals in various ore types, recovery of beryl from these ores is accomplished by sorting and or selective grinding due to the fact that the hardness of beryl is 7.5–8 (Mohs scale); during grinding, most of the gangue is ground finer than beryl and beryl is left in the coarse fraction, which is recovered by screening.

From the fine grained ore, beryl is recovered using the flotation method, where either anionic or cationic flotation is used.

Very little is known about flotation of other beryllium minerals such as phenacite and bertrandite. Research work carried out by some research organizations [1,2] on complex phenacite-containing ores have shown that phenacite can be readily floated using modified fatty acid. Using this method a concentrate grade assaying 40% BeO2 at 85% recovery was achieved.

27.2. Ore and minerals of beryllium

In nature, about 30 beryllium minerals are known of which six to eight have economic value. The main beryllium minerals are presented in Table 27.1.

Table 27.1

Beryl Minerals of Economic Value

Beryl

Al2 Be3 (Si6O18)

11–14.3

2.6–2.9

7.5–8

White, colorless greenish

Xrizoberyl

Al2BeO4

19.8

3.5–3.8

8.5

Yellow, yellow-blue, bluish

Phenacite Gelvin

BeO2(SiO4) Mn8(BeSiO4)6.S2

45.5 11–14.2

3.0 3.3

7.5 6–6.6

Colorless, brown yellowish Yellow, brown, green

Getgelvin

Zn8(BSiO4)6.S2

11–14

3.66

–

Reddish

Danolit

Fe8(BeSiO4).S2

12.7–14.7

3.40

5.5–6

Yellow, green

Bertrandite

Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2

39.6–42.6

2.6

6

White, colorless, yellowish

Evklaz

Be2Al2Si2O(OH)2

–

3.1

7.5

Greenish

Beryl is the most abundant in the other beryllium minerals and is mostly found as crystalline structures in several forms which include:

1. Izumrud contains inclusions of chromium, which gives a bright green color.

2. Aquamarine contains inclusions of two valent iron and has a greenish color.

3. Rosterite is a colorless beryl form. It is known as alkaline beryl (about 0.5% alkalinity).

Xrizoberyl: It is known as a gem mineral which comes from its bright green color. Usually xrizoberyl (1 l) contains: Up to 6% Fe2O3, 3% TiO2, and 0.4% Cr2O3. These inclusions dictate the color of xrizoberyl.

Phenacite: It usually contains MgO, CaO, Al2O3, and Na2O and an association often is found in pegmatites in association with beryl, xrizoberyl, topaz, quartz, mica, and hornblende. The color of phenacite is unstable and depends on the association with other minerals.

Gelvin is sometimes paramagnetic and often contains manganese and iron or zinc. It is soluble in hydrochloric acid. It has a yellowish color. Gelvin is usually found in pegmatite lenses in association with quartz and albite. In skarn deposits are associated with magnetite and fluorite.

Bertrandite is usually found in pegmatite lenses in association with beryl, tourmaline, muscovite, and albite. In some deposits in USA, it is often found with beryl and fenekite.

Beryllium deposits: The main types of beryllium containing deposits include pegmatites and hydrothermal-pneumatolytic deposits which can be divided into several subgroups depending on the types of beryl ores and also the types of other minerals of economic value. Table 27.2 summarizes types of beryl deposits of industrial values. Pegmatite ore is most abundant in beryllium deposits. In these deposits beryl is in the form of large crystals. In some of the pegmatitic ore bodies, beryl is found in association with spodumene (spodumene-albite, lepidolite-albite), and has significant economic value for recovery of beryl. From these deposits beryl is recovered using the flotation method.

Table 27.2

Industrial Types of Beryllium Deposits

Block pegmatites muscovite-albite

Ore with muscovite, quartz mica with fine crystalline beryl

Beryl

Columbite, tantalite

Mixed pegmatites muscovite-albite

Ore with muscovite, quartz mica with fine crystalline beryl

Alkaline beryl

Columbite, tantalite

Mixed spodumene lepidolite-albite pegmatites

Spodumen-quartz albite ore with fine crystalline beryl. This ore type gave about 90% of all beryllium production

Alkaline beryl

Spodumene, columbite, tantalite, cassiterite, lepidolite

Intermixed pegmatites and pneumatolites

Mica plagioclas and silica plagioclas lenses with beryllium; important but not abundant

Beryl (izumrud) xrizoberyl, phenacite

–

Hydrothermal-Pneumatolytic

Alumosilicates beryl containing altered granites

Muscovite-quartz ores with beryl; a potential industrial deposits

Beryl

Wolframite

Beryl containing quartz-muscovite-topaz lenses

High-temperature formations of quartz lenses; important industrial deposits

Beryl (gelvin, bertrandite)

Wolframite, cassiterite, molybdenite

In carbonatite matrix beryl containing skarns

Magnetite fluoride ores with xrizoberyl and gelvin–danalite; potentially important deposits

Xrizoberyl, gelvin, danalite, fenakite

Shelite

Beryl containing metasomatic fluorite ores

Fluorite ores with phenakite and xrizoberyl; potentially important deposits

Phenakite xrizoberyl

Cassiterite

Hydrothermal-pneumatolytic deposits are relatively complex. With beryl from these deposits, it is possible to recover wolframite, cassiterite, and molybdenite. These deposits have a relatively high concentration of beryl.

27.3. Beneficiation of beryllium containing ores

27.3.1. Beneficiation of beryl

The physiochemical characteristics of beryl as well as other beryllium minerals are similar to that of gangue minerals. Beryl has specific gravity of 2.6 to 3.0 g/cm3 similar to that of gangue minerals. Therefore, gravity preconcentration and magnetic separation are not applicable to beryllium ore. For beneficiation of beryl three following methods are used in the industrial practice:

1. hand sorting;

2. selective grinding—flotation; and

3. flotation.

The hand sorting is based on color differences between beryl and gangue minerals and is used on the ores that contain large crystals of beryl and also xrizoberyl and izumrud. Sorting is usually done on conveyors or coarse fraction and on rotating tables for finer fraction. Typical flow sheet used for hand sorting is shown in Figure 27.1.

The grade of beryl concentrate obtained by hand sorting is relatively high and ranges from 10% to 12% BeO2. The recovery of beryl using hand sorting is low (i.e., 25–40% BeO2) and therefore the tailing from hand sorting is reground and remaining beryl is recovered by flotation.

During hand sorting the important parameter is the proper...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 3.10.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-093210-X / 008093210X
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-093210-1 / 9780080932101