Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters (eBook)

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2014 | 1. Auflage
812 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-396473-1 (ISBN)

Infos

Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters provides you with the latest scientific developments in glacier surges and melting, ice shelf collapses, paleo-climate reconstruction, sea level rise, climate change implications, causality, impacts, preparedness, and mitigation. It takes a geo-scientific approach to the topic while also covering current thinking about directly related social scientific issues that can adversely affect ecosystems and global economies.

• Puts the contributions from expert oceanographers, geologists, geophysicists, environmental scientists, and climatologists selected by a world-renowned editorial board in your hands
• Presents the latest research on causality, glacial surges, ice-shelf collapses, sea level rise, climate change implications, and more
• Numerous tables, maps, diagrams, illustrations and photographs of hazardous processes will be included
• Features new insights into the implications of climate change on increased melting, collapsing, flooding, methane emissions, and sea level rise

Inhalt

Front 
1 
Snow and Ice-Related 
 
4 
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 14
Editorial 
18 
Foreword by 
22 
Preface 24
Chapter 1 - Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters: A General Framework 26
1.1 INTRODUCTION 26
1.2 COSTS AND BENEFITS: LIVING WITH SNOW AND ICE 29
1.3 SMALL AND LARGE, FAST AND SLOW, LOCAL TO GLOBAL: DEALING WITH CONSTRAINTS 42
1.4 BEYOND HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE: MONITORING AND MANAGING RAPID CHANGES 49
REFERENCES 56
Chapter 2 - Physical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Snow, Ice, and Permafrost 60
2.1 INTRODUCTION 60
2.2 DENSITY AND STRUCTURE 62
2.3 THERMAL PROPERTIES 68
2.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 73
2.5 DUCTILE BEHAVIOR 80
2.6 DYNAMIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES 84
2.7 SUMMARY 89
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 90
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 3 - Snow and Ice in the Climate System 102
3.1 INTRODUCTION 102
3.2 PHYSICAL EXTENT OF THE CRYOSPHERE 104
3.3 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE CRYOSPHERE 106
REFERENCES 120
Chapter 4 - Snow and Ice in the Hydrosphere 124
4.1 INTRODUCTION 124
4.2 SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELT 126
4.3 GLACIERS AND GLACIAL MASS BALANCE 140
4.4 HYDROLOGY OF SNOW- AND ICE-COVERED CATCHMENTS 146
4.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 154
REFERENCES 155
Chapter 5 - Snow, Ice, and the Biosphere 164
5.1 INTRODUCTION 164
5.2 SNOW AND ICE AS HABITATS 165
5.3 SNOW AND ICE AS MODERATORS OF HABITAT 166
5.4 EFFECTS OF VEGETATION ON SNOW 182
5.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 183
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 184
REFERENCES 184
Chapter 6 - Ice and Snow as Land-Forming Agents 192
6.1 GLACIAL PROCESSES AND LANDSCAPES 193
6.2 PERIGLACIAL AND PERMAFROST PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS 204
6.3 THE ROLE OF SNOW IN FORMING LANDSCAPES 209
6.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 215
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 216
REFERENCES 216
Chapter 7 - Mountains, Lowlands, and Coasts: the Physiography of Cold Landscapes 226
7.1 INTRODUCTION 226
7.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE TERRESTRIAL CRYOSPHERE 227
7.3 GLACIERS AND ICE SHEETS: EXTENT AND DISTRIBUTION 233
7.4 PERMAFROST TYPES, EXTENT, AND DISTRIBUTION 236
7.5 GLACIER–PERMAFROST INTERACTIONS 239
REFERENCES 240
Chapter 8 - Integrated Approaches to Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Dynamic Socio-cryospheric Systems 244
8.1 INTRODUCTION 245
8.2 INTEGRATED ADAPTATION IN DYNAMIC SOCIO-CRYOSPHERIC SYSTEMS 246
8.3 GLACIER AND GLACIAL LAKE HAZARDS 247
8.4 VOLCANO–ICE HAZARDS 259
8.5 GLACIER RUNOFF, HYDROLOGIC VARIABILITY, AND WATER-USE HAZARDS 266
8.6 COASTAL RESOURCES AND HAZARDS 274
8.7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 277
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 279
REFERENCES 279
Chapter 9 - Integrative Risk Management: The Example of Snow Avalanches 288
9.1 INTRODUCTION 288
9.2 RISK ANALYSIS 291
9.3 RISK EVALUATION 302
9.4 MITIGATION OF RISK 304
9.5 METHODS AND TOOLS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF MITIGATION MEASURES 309
9.6 CASE STUDY “EVALUATION OF AVALANCHE MITIGATION MEASURES FOR JUNEAU, ALASKA” 311
9.7 FINAL REMARKS 318
REFERENCES 319
Chapter 10 - Permafrost Degradation 328
10.1 INTRODUCTION 328
10.2 PERMAFROST AND RECENT CLIMATE CHANGE 331
10.3 PERMAFROST OBSERVATIONS AND DATA 331
10.4 DRIVERS OF PERMAFROST AND ACTIVE LAYER CHANGE ACROSS SPACE AND TIME 332
10.5 OBSERVED PERMAFROST AND ACTIVE-LAYER CHANGES 339
10.6 PERMAFROST MODELING AND FORECAST 342
10.7 PERMAFROST AND INFRASTRUCTURE 345
10.8 COASTAL EROSION AND PERMAFROST 353
10.9 PERMAFROST AND THE CARBON CYCLE IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 356
10.10 SUMMARY 360
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 362
REFERENCES 362
Chapter 11 - Radioactive Waste Under Conditions of Future Ice Ages 370
11.1 INTRODUCTION 370
11.2 TIMING OF FUTURE GLACIAL INCEPTION 372
11.3 DEEP GLACIAL EROSION IN THE ALPINE FORELAND OF NORTHERN SWITZERLAND 378
11.4 TUNNEL VALLEYS WITHIN THE NORTH GERMAN PLAIN AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THE LONG-TERM SAFETY OF NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORIES 386
11.5 PALEOHYDROGEOLOGY AND GLACIAL SYSTEMS MODELING—CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE 393
11.6 IMPACT OF GLACIAL AND PERIGLACIAL CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON GROUNDWATER FLOW AND TRANSPORT—EXAMPLES FROM A SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF ... 401
REFERENCES 410
Chapter 12 - Snow Avalanches 420
12.1 INTRODUCTION 420
12.2 THE AVALANCHE PHENOMENON 423
12.3 AVALANCHE RELEASE 424
12.4 AVALANCHE FLOW 435
12.5 AVALANCHE MITIGATION 448
12.6 AVALANCHE FORECASTING 449
12.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS 453
REFERENCES 453
Chapter 13 - Glacier Surges 462
13.1 INTRODUCTION 462
13.2 PROPERTIES AND CAUSES OF GLACIER SURGES 463
13.3 MEDVEZHIY AND GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY GLACIERS, CENTRAL PAMIRS, TAJIKISTAN 472
13.4 SURGES OF GLACIAR GRANDE DEL NEVADO DEL PLOMO, CENTRAL ANDES, ARGENTINA, AND RELATED DISASTERS/HAZARDS 479
13.5 A SURGE-LIKE FLOW INSTABILITY OF BELVEDERE GLACIER, ITALIAN ALPS, AND ASSOCIATED HAZARDS 2001–2003 488
13.6 SURGING GLACIERS AND THE TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM: POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND MONITORING 498
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 504
REFERENCES 504
Chapter 14 - Glacier-Related Outburst Floods 512
14.1 INTRODUCTION 513
14.2 FLOOD SOURCES 514
14.3 FAILURE MECHANISMS AND FLOOD MAGNITUDE 521
14.4 DOWNSTREAM FLOOD BEHAVIOR 526
14.5 OUTBURST FLOODS AND CLIMATE CHANGE 530
14.6 RISK ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION 531
14.7 SUMMARY 534
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 535
REFERENCES 535
Chapter 15 - Ice Loss and Slope Stability in High-Mountain Regions 546
15.1 INTRODUCTION 547
15.2 MECHANISMS OF CRYOSPHERE CONTROL ON SLOPE STABILITY 548
15.3 CASE STUDIES 555
15.4 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 577
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 578
REFERENCES 578
Chapter 16 - Catastrophic Mass Flows in the Mountain Glacial Environment 588
16.1 INTRODUCTION 589
16.2 CATASTROPHIC MASS FLOWS IN THE MOUNTAIN GLACIAL ENVIRONMENT—GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 590
16.3 MASS FLOWS INVOLVING MAINLY GLACIER ICE (GLACIER AVALANCHES AND LARGE-SCALE GLACIER DETACHMENTS) 592
16.4 MASS FLOWS INVOLVING MAINLY FRAGMENTED ROCK (ROCK AVALANCHES) 598
16.5 MASS FLOWS INVOLVING A MIXTURE OF GLACIER ICE AND ROCK (ICE–ROCK AVALANCHES AND FLOWS) 603
16.6 GLACIAL DEBRIS FLOWS I NON-OUTBURST RELATED
16.7 GLACIAL DEBRIS FLOWS II LAKE OUTBURST-RELATED FLOWS
16.8 CATASTROPHIC MASS FLOWS IN THE MOUNTAIN GLACIAL ENVIRONMENT: DISCUSSION 617
16.9 CONCLUSIONS 621
REFERENCES 623
Chapter 17 - Hazards at Ice-Clad Volcanoes: Phenomena, Processes, and Examples From Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, and Chile 632
17.1 INTRODUCTION 633
17.2 VOLCANO–ICE INTERACTIONS 634
17.3 VOLCANO–ICE INTERACTIONS AS DISASTER GENERATORS: MOUNT ST HELENS AND NEVADO DEL RUIZ 647
17.4 VOLCANO–ICE INTERACTIONS IN MEXICO, COLOMBIA, ECUADOR, AND CHILE: DEALING WITH RELATED HAZARDS 649
17.5 SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF HAZARD/RISK ASSESSMENT AT ICE-CLAD VOLCANOES 663
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 664
REFERENCES 665
Chapter 18 - Floating Ice and Ice Pressure Challenge to Ships 672
18.1 INTRODUCTION 672
18.2 ICE RIDGES 676
18.3 PRESSURE BUILD-UP AND DISSIPATION 679
18.4 REGIONAL CONDITIONS AND INCIDENTS OF BESETTING 680
18.5 PRESSURED ICE ON THE GREAT LAKES 687
18.6 FRESHWATER ICE 689
18.7 CAUSES OF ICE UNDER PRESSURE IN THE GREAT LAKES 690
18.8 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 692
18.9 SHIPPING CONCERNS 692
18.10 DEALING WITH PRESSURED ICE: A SHIP MASTER'S PERSPECTIVE 693
18.11 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE FOR THE FUTURE 699
REFERENCES 700
Chapter 19 - Retreat Instability of Tidewater Glaciers and Marine Ice Sheets 702
19.1 INTRODUCTION 702
19.2 TIDEWATER RETREAT INSTABILITY AND CALVING 707
19.3 TRIGGERING AND FORCING MECHANISMS 720
19.4 MARINE ICE SHEETS AND ICE SHELVES 724
19.5 WIDER IMPLICATIONS AS HAZARDS 727
REFERENCES 731
Chapter 20 - Ice Sheets, Glaciers, and Sea Level 738
20.1 CONTEMPORARY SEA-LEVEL RISE IN A GEOLOGIC PERSPECTIVE 739
20.2 RECENT GLACIER AND ICE SHEET CONTRIBUTION TO SEA-LEVEL RISE 741
20.3 FUTURE GLACIER AND ICE SHEET CONTRIBUTION TO SEA-LEVEL RISE 751
20.4 IMPLICATIONS OF SEA-LEVEL RISE 757
20.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 762
REFERENCES 763
Index 774

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Contributors

Ian Allison,     Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia

Bernardo Pulgarín Alzate,     Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Popayán, Barrio Loma de Cartagena, Popayán, Colombia

Oleg Anisimov,     State Hydrological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

Lukas U. Arenson,     BGC Engineering Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada

Perry Bartelt,     WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland

Anke Bebiolka,     Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg, Hannover, Germany

Tobias Bolch

Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Institute for Cartography, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Jenny Brandefelt,     Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB), Blekholmstorget, Stockholm, Sweden

Michael Bründl,     WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland

Bolívar E. Cáceres Correa,     Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INAMHI), Corea, Quito, Ecuador

Terry V. Callaghan

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Lilla Frescativägen, Stockholm, Sweden

Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Department of Botany, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Siberia, Russia

Mark Carey,     Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon, USA

Hanne H. Christiansen

Arctic Geology Department, The University Centre in Svalbard, UNIS, Longyearbyen, Norway

Center for Permafrost, CENPERM; Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

John J. Clague,     Centre for Natural Hazard Research, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B C, Canada

William Colgan,     Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark

Simon Cook,     School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom

Patty A. Craw Burns,     Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mining, Land & Water, Lands Section, Fairbanks, AK, USA

Reynald Delaloye,     Department of Geosciences, Geography, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Keith B. Delaney,     Natural Disaster Systems, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Philip Deline,     EDYTEM Lab, Université de Savoie, CNRS, Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France

Lydia Espizua,     Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), Mendoza, Argentina

Stephen G. Evans,     Natural Disaster Systems, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Tracy Ewen,     Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Urs H. Fischer,     Nationale Genossenschaft für die Lagerung radioactiver Abfälle (Nagra), Wettingen, Switzerland

Luzia Fischer,     Norwegian Geological Survey, Trondheim, Norway

Sven Follin,     SF GeoLogic AB, Täby, Sweden

Captain David Fowler,     Retired Canadian Coast Guard Captain, McDougall, ON, Canada

Isabelle Gärtner-Roer,     Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland

Marten Geertsema,     Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Prince George, BC, Canada

Marco Giardino,     GeoSitLab, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Italy

Hugo Delgado Granados,     Departamento de Vulcanología, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México

Stephan Gruber,     Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

Wilfried Haeberli,     Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland

William D. Harrison,     Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA

Andreas Hasler,     Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Tobias Heckmann,     Department of Physical Geography, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany

Sarah Hirschorn,     Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO), Toronto, ON, Canada

Christian Huggel,     Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Matthias Huss

Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Jerrilynn Jackson,     Department of Geography, University of Oregon, USA

Michal Jenicek

Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic

Mark Jensen,     Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO), Toronto, ON, Canada

Margareta Johansson,     Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Andreas Kääb,     Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway

Siegfried Keller,     Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover, Germany

Laura Kennell,     Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO), Toronto, ON, Canada

Matt King,     School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

Martin Kirkbride,     Geography, School of the Environment, University of Dundee, United Kingdom

Oliver Korup,     Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Germany

Michael Krautblatter,     Technische Universität München, Germany

Ivana Kubat,     National Research Council of Canada, Coastal and River Engineering, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Alexandre W. Lai,     Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, Integrity Management Department, Fairbanks, AK, USA

Florence Magnin,     EDYTEM Lab, Université de Savoie, CNRS, Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France

Stefan Margreth,     WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland

Hans Peter Marshall,     Department of Geosciences and Center for Geophysical Investigation of the Shallow Subsurface, Boise State University, ID, USA

Samuel McColl,     Physical Geography Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, Australia

Graham McDowell,     Department of Geography, McGill University, Montral, Canada

Patricia Julio Miranda,     Escuela de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Frac. Talleres, México

Jeffrey Moore,     Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States

Patricia Mothes,     Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador

Jens-Ove Näslund,     Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB), Blekholmstorget, Stockholm, Sweden

Stefano Normani,     Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada

Gennady A. Nosenko,     Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Gerardo Carrasco Núñez,     Centro de Geociencias, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro

Jim E. O'Connor,     U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, Oregon,...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 27.10.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-12-396473-3 / 0123964733
• ISBN-13: 978-0-12-396473-1 / 9780123964731