The Heart and Toxins brings together global experts to provide the latest information and clinical trials that make the connection between genetic susceptibility, gene expression, and environmental factors in cardiovascular diseases. This unique reference, edited by renowned cardiologist Meenakshi Sundaram Ramachandran, solves the problem of managing multiple clinical cases of cardiovascular toxicity. It allows connections to be made between research, diagnosis, and treatment to avoid higher morbidity and mortality rates as a result of cardiovascular toxicity. - Structured to bring together exploration into the epidemiology, molecular mechanism, pathogenesis, environmental factors and management in cardiovascular toxins- Included various topics on cardiovascular toxins such as plant, chemical, animal, nanomaterial and marine biology induced cardiac damage which are new ideas discussed in detail- Comprehensive chapters on the cardiovascular toxicity from drugs, radiotherapy and radiological imaging- Enables you to manage multiple clinical cases of cardiovascular toxicity- Outlined conclusions at the end of each chapter providing "e;key learning points to help you organize the chapter's details without losing insight
Front Cover 1
The Heart and Toxins 2
Copyright Page 3
Contents 4
Foreword 14
Acknowledgments 16
List of Contributors 18
1 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Toxins 22
1.1 Introduction 22
1.2 Plant Toxins 22
1.2.1 Mineralocorticoid Effects of Liquorice 23
1.2.2 Cardiac Glycoside-Containing Plants 23
1.3 Marine Toxins 24
1.4 Venomous Reptiles 26
1.5 Trichinellosis 29
1.6 Arachnidism 30
1.7 Scorpion Envenomation 31
1.8 Air Pollution 33
1.9 Pesticides 34
1.9.1 Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning 35
1.10 Household Toxic Materials 36
1.11 Petrol, Paraffin, and lamp Oil 37
1.12 Toxic Military And Industrial Chemicals 37
1.13 Tobacco and Cardiovascular Diseases 38
1.14 Cardiovascular Toxicity of Alcohol 40
1.15 Cardiovascular Effects of Caffeine 42
1.16 Cardiovascular Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs 43
1.17 Uremic Toxins 44
1.18 Epidemiological Aspects of NSAIDs and Chemotherapeutic Agents 45
1.18.1 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs 46
1.18.2 Chemotherapeutic Agents 47
Risk Factors for Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity 48
1.18.3 Trastubumab-Associated Cardiotoxicity 49
1.18.4 Cardiovascular Toxicity of Molecularly Targeted Antiangiogenic Agents 49
Hypertension in Cancer Patients Treated with Antiangiogenic Agents 50
Arterial and Venous Thromboembolic Complications of Treatment with Antiangiogenic Agents 50
Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients Treated with Antiangiogenic Agents 52
Prolongation of QTc Interval in Cancer Patients Treated with Antiangiogenic Agents 52
1.19 Heavy Metal Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease 52
1.19.1 Arsenic 54
1.19.2 Lead 54
1.19.3 Cadmium 55
1.19.4 Mercury 56
1.20 Conclusion 56
References 56
2 Cellular and Molecular Perspectives on Cardiac Toxins 66
2.1 Introduction 66
2.2 Recreational Drugs 67
2.3 Tricyclic Antidepressants 69
2.4 Calcium Channel Antagonists 71
2.5 ß-Adrenoceptor Antagonists 74
2.6 Sodium Channel Activator Toxins 76
2.7 Cardioglycosides 78
2.8 Anthracyclines 80
2.8.1 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 82
2.8.2 Mitochondria 82
2.8.3 Deoxyribonucleic Acid/Messenger Ribonucleic Acid 83
2.9 Miscellaneous hERG K-Channel Inhibitors 84
2.10 Conclusion 86
References 87
3 Environmental Toxins and the Heart 96
3.1 Air Pollution 96
3.2 Anabolic Drugs 97
3.3 Aconite 98
3.4 Antidotes 99
3.4.1 Adenosine 99
3.4.2 Diphenhydramine 100
3.4.3 Protamine 100
3.5 Antimony 100
3.6 Arsenic 101
3.7 Areca Nut 102
3.8 Bismuth 103
3.9 Cadmium 104
3.10 Caffeine 104
3.11 Calcium 105
3.12 Carbon Monoxide 105
3.13 Cardenolides 106
3.14 Catecholamines and Beta-Receptor Agonists 107
3.15 Chromium 107
3.16 Cobalt 108
3.17 Copper and Zinc 108
3.18 Energy Drinks 110
3.19 Fluoride 110
3.20 Fumigants and Pesticides 111
3.20.1 Aluminum Phosphide 111
3.20.2 Endosulfan 113
3.20.3 Organophosphates 113
3.20.4 Amitraz 114
3.20.5 Pyrethroid Insecticides 115
3.20.6 Sulfuryl Fluoride 115
3.20.7 Hydrogen Sulfide 116
3.21 Gold 116
3.22 Household Chemicals 117
3.22.1 Camphor 117
3.22.2 Detergents 117
3.22.3 Disinfectants and Cleansers 118
3.22.4 Dettol 118
3.23 Inhalants 118
3.24 Iron 119
3.25 Lead 121
3.26 Mad Honey 121
3.27 Magnesium 122
3.28 Manganese 122
3.29 Mercury 123
3.30 Methyl Bromide 124
3.31 Molybdenum 124
3.32 Nickel 125
3.33 Phosphorous 126
3.34 Potassium 126
3.35 Selenium And Sodium 127
3.36 Sulfur Dioxide 127
3.37 Thallium 127
3.38 Vitamins 128
3.38.1 Vitamin A 128
3.38.2 Vitamin C 129
3.38.3 Vitamin D 129
3.38.4 Vitamin E 129
3.38.5 Vitamin K 130
References 130
4 Problems and Paradoxes of Animal Toxins and the Heart 154
4.1 Introduction 154
4.2 Snakes 154
4.3 Scorpions 158
4.4 Hymenoptera Sting Envenomations 163
4.5 Centipede Bites 164
4.6 Black Widow Spiders 164
4.7 Toad Poisoning 165
4.8 Conclusion 165
Acknowledgment 166
References 166
5 Plant Toxins and the Heart 172
5.1 Introduction 172
5.2 Cardioactive Steroids 173
5.3 Cleistanthus Collinus 177
5.4 Aconite 178
5.5 Khat 179
5.6 Yew 181
5.7 Veratrum Alkaloids 182
5.8 Brooms 183
5.9 Mistletoe 183
5.10 Miscellaneous 184
5.11 Community Education 185
5.11.1 Plant Toxins Present in Breast Milk 185
5.11.2 Identification of Plants 185
5.12 Challenges and Regulations 185
5.12.1 Prevention of Plant Poisoning 187
5.12.2 Proposed Action Plan 188
5.12.3 Future Directions and Limitations 188
5.13 Conclusion 189
Acknowledgments 190
References 190
6 Native Medicines and Cardiovascular Toxicity 196
6.1 Introduction 196
6.2 Materials Used 197
6.2.1 Plant-Based Preparations 198
Cardiac Glycosides, Steroid Alkaloids, Aconites, and Grayanotoxins 198
Clinical Presentation 199
Treatment 200
Cardiac Glycosides 200
Steroid Alkaloids (Aconite) and Grayanotoxins 201
Abrus precatorius 201
Anamirta cocculus 202
Antiaris toxicaria 202
Areca catechu 202
Cannabis sativa 203
Cerbera manghas 203
Chan Su Extract 203
Dandelion 204
Datura innoxia 204
Edible Mushroom 204
Ephedra sinica 205
Ergot Alkaloids 205
Home Remedies 206
Turmeric 206
Ginger 206
Capsicum annum 207
Asafoetida 207
Beetroot Extract 207
Castor Oil 207
Kalanchoe laciniata 208
Licorice 208
Neem 208
Oleander 209
Rauwolfia serpentina 209
Stephania tetrandra and Aristolochia fangchi 209
Strophanthus 209
Tupistra chinensis 210
6.2.2 Other Plant-Based Preparations 210
6.2.3 Animal-Based Preparations 210
Coconut Crab Poisoning 210
Seafood Material 210
Toad Toxin 211
6.3 Biological Materials and Herbomineral-Based PreparationS 211
6.3.1 Mad Honey Poisoning 211
6.3.2 Mercury 212
6.4 Drug Interactions as a Result of Herbs 212
6.5 Safety, Costs, and Regulations 213
6.5.1 Safety of Native Medicine for Children 213
6.5.2 Economic Aspects 214
6.5.3 Legal Status and Regulations 214
6.6 Future Directions 215
6.6.1 Clinical Aspects 215
6.6.2 Education and Training 215
6.6.3 Research 215
6.6.4 Regulatory Aspects and Limitations 216
6.7 Conclusion 216
References 217
7 Cardiovascular Toxicity from Marine Envenomation 224
7.1 Marine CardioToxins 224
7.2 Poisons 225
7.2.1 Phycotoxins 225
Saxitoxin 225
Yessotoxin 227
Palytoxins 228
Azaspiracids 230
Maitotoxin 231
Ciguatera 231
7.3 Venoms 233
7.3.1 Jellyfish 234
7.3.2 Irukandji Syndrome 235
7.3.3 Stonefish 237
7.4 Conclusion 238
References 239
8 Cardiovascular Toxicity of Cardiovascular Drugs 246
8.1 Introduction 246
8.2 Normal Cardiac Contraction 246
8.3 Cardiac Arrhythmias and CellS 247
8.3.1 Cardiac Cells at Rest 248
8.3.2 Cardiac Cells When Depolarized 248
8.4 Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs 249
8.4.1 Mechanism of Action 249
8.4.2 Caution While Using Antiarrhythmic Drugs 250
8.5 Drug-Induced Long QT Syndrome 251
8.5.1 Mechanism of QT Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes 252
8.6 New Antiarrhythmic Drugs 255
8.7 Cardiovascular Toxicity of Beta Blockers 256
8.7.1 Management of Beta-Blocker Overdose 260
8.8 Calcium Channel Blockers 264
8.8.1 Management of CCB Toxicity 266
8.9 Cardiac Glycosides 268
8.9.1 Digoxin 268
8.9.2 Diuretics 271
8.9.3 Adenosine 272
8.10 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors 273
8.11 Statins 277
8.12 Oral Anticoagulant Therapy 278
8.13 Organic Nitrates 278
8.14 Ranolazine 279
8.15 Ivabradine 280
8.16 Dobutamine 280
8.17 Dopamine 281
8.18 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 281
8.19 Ethnic Differences in Adverse Events to Cardiovascular Drugs 282
8.20 Predicting Cardiotoxicity During Drug Development 282
8.21 Interactions Between Herbs, Fruit Juices, The Enzyme P450, And Cardiovascular Drugs 283
8.22 Conclusion 283
Acknowledgment 284
References 284
9 Cardiovascular Toxicity as a Result of Psychotropic Drugs 296
9.1 Introduction 296
9.2 Psychotropic Drugs’ Mechanism of Action 297
9.3 Psychotropic Drug-Induced Hypotension 297
9.4 Chronotropic Effects 300
9.5 Abnormalities of Cardiac Repolarization and Arrhythmias 302
9.6 Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy 307
9.7 Psychotropic Drugs and Sudden Cardiac Death 307
9.8 Metabolic Abnormalities 309
9.9 Standard Guidance 310
9.9.1 For the Use of Psychotropic Drugs and Chronic Cardiovascular Deterioration 310
9.9.2 For the Use of Psychotropic Drugs and Metabolic Their Side Effects 313
9.9.3 For the Use of Psychotropic Drugs and Cardiac Sudden Death 314
9.10 Clinical Implications 315
9.11 Conclusion 315
References 316
10 Cardiovascular Toxicity of Noncardiovascular Drugs 326
10.1 Introduction 326
10.2 Myocardial Ischemia and Acute Coronary Syndrome 327
10.2.1 Mechanism of Drug-Induced Myocardial Ischemia 327
10.2.2 Cardiovascular Adverse Effects Due to Drugs 329
10.3 Drug-Induced Heart Failure 330
10.3.1 Cardiac Toxicity Due to Biologics, Anorexients, and Anthracyclines 330
10.4 Drug-Induced Arrhythmias 333
10.5 Drug-Induced Atrial Fibrillation 340
10.6 Valvular Heart Disease 340
10.6.1 Ergot Alkaloids 341
10.7 Individual Noncardiovascular Drugs Causing Cardiovascular Toxicity 342
10.7.1 Antimicrobial Chemotherapeutic Agents: Erythromycin and Others 342
10.7.2 Antihistaminics 343
10.7.3 Centrally Acting Appetite Suppressants 343
Dexfenfluramine-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension and Valvular Heart Disease 344
10.7.4 Gastrointestinal Tract Drugs 344
10.7.5 Drugs that Act on the Endocrine System 344
Bisphosphonate-Induced Atrial Fibrillation 345
Corticosteroids 345
Thyroid Hormone 345
Growth Hormone 345
Oral Contraceptives 345
10.7.6 Drugs that Act on the Musculoskeletal System 346
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug-Induced Hypertension 346
10.7.7 Drugs that Act on the Nervous System 347
Anesthetics 347
Antimigraine Drugs 347
Dopamine Agonists 348
Anticholinergics 348
Antiepileptic Drugs 348
Hypnotics 349
10.7.8 Drugs that Act on the Respiratory System 349
Sympathomimetic Inhalants 349
Xanthines 349
10.7.9 Miscellaneous Drugs 350
10.8 Recent Advances 351
10.9 Conclusion 352
Glossary 352
References 353
11 Cardiovascular Toxicity from Chemotherapy and Anticancer Treatment 362
11.1 Introduction 362
11.2 Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by Anticancer Agents 362
11.2.1 Left Ventricular Dysfunction 363
Chemotherapeutic Drugs 364
Targeted Agents 365
Screening and Diagnosis 367
Treatment 369
11.2.2 Cardiac Ischemia 370
11.2.3 Venous Thromboembolism 372
11.2.4 Hypertension 373
11.2.5 QT Prolongation 375
11.3 Cardiac Toxicity Induced by Radiotherapy 375
11.4 Conclusion 376
References 376
12 Association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with Exposure to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Adve... 384
12.1 Introduction 384
12.1.1 Historical and Ethical Considerations 385
12.2 Cardiac Considerations of Hiv Exposure and Antiretroviral Therapy 391
12.2.1 Accelerated Atherosclerosis 391
12.2.2 Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction 395
Incidence 395
Clinical Presentation 397
Pathogenesis in Children 398
Pathogenesis in Young Adults 398
Myocarditis 398
Cytokine Alterations 398
Nutritional Deficiencies 399
Course of Disease 399
Prognosis 399
Therapy 400
Animal Models 401
12.2.3 Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction 401
12.2.4 Pulmonary Hypertension 403
12.2.5 Pericardial Effusion 404
Incidence 404
Clinical Presentation 404
Pathogenesis 405
Monitoring and Therapy 405
12.2.6 Acquired Valvular Disease: Infective Endocarditis 405
12.2.7 Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis 406
12.2.8 Cardiovascular Malignancy 406
12.2.9 Isolated Right Ventricular Disease 407
12.2.10 Vasculitis 408
12.2.11 Sudden Cardiac Death 408
12.2.12 Cardiac Arrhythmias: QT Interval, PR Prolongation, and Atrial Fibrillation 408
12.2.13 Autonomic Dysfunction 409
12.2.14 Complications of Therapy 409
12.2.15 Perinatal Transmission of HIV Infection 411
12.2.16 Cardiac Monitoring Recommendations 416
12.3 Conclusion 417
References 418
13 Toxic Effects of Alcohol on the Heart 428
13.1 Introduction 428
13.2 Global Health Burden, Patterns of use, and Economic Consequences 429
13.3 Chemistry and Pharmacology 431
13.4 Evidence of Cardiovascular Benefit 432
13.5 Evidence of Lack of Benefit or Harm 436
13.6 Specific Toxic Effects of Alcohol on the Cardiovascular System 440
13.6.1 Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy 440
13.6.2 Alcohol and Arrhythmias 443
13.6.3 Alcohol and Sudden Cardiac Death 444
13.6.4 Alcohol and Hypertension 446
13.6.5 Alcohol and Stroke 447
13.7 Conclusion 448
References 449
14 The Effects of Active and Passive Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease 458
14.1 Introduction 458
14.2 Smoking and Endothelial Dysfunction 459
14.3 Smoking and Oxidative Stress 460
14.4 Atherosclerosis and Smoking 461
14.5 Smoking and Thrombosis 462
14.6 Dyslipidemia and Smoking 463
14.7 Smoking and the Blood Vessels 464
14.8 The Influence of Smoking on Hypertension 464
14.9 Smoking and Myocardial Workload 465
14.10 Smoking as it relates to Oxygen-Carrying Capacity 465
14.11 Arrhythmias Caused by Smoking 465
14.12 Coronary Artery Disease and Spasm as a result of smoking 466
14.13 Smoking and Heart Failure/Cardiomyopathy 467
14.14 Peripheral Vascular Disease, Sudden Cardiac Death, and Smoking 468
14.15 Smoking Cessation and Cardiovascular Risk 468
14.16 Passive Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco 469
14.17 Biomarkers in Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease 470
14.18 Conclusion 471
References 472
15 Cardiovascular Toxicity as a Result of Recreational Drugs 480
15.1 Introduction 480
15.2 Cocaine 481
15.2.1 Pharmacology 481
15.2.2 Adverse Effects 482
Sympathomimetic Activation and Vasospasm: Promotion of Ischemia 482
Generation of Arrhythmias 483
Prothrombotic Effects 483
Cardiomyopathic Effects 484
15.2.3 Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Testing 484
Electrocardiogram 485
Other Investigations 485
15.2.4 Treatment 486
Observation 486
Chest Pain and Hypertension 486
ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction 486
Benzodiazepines 487
Nitroglycerine 488
Calcium Channel Antagonists 488
Phentolamine 488
Beta Blockers 488
Arrhythmias 489
15.2.5 Other Complications 489
15.2.6 Discharge Planning 490
15.3 Amphetamine-Related Drugs 490
15.3.1 Pharmacology 490
15.3.2 Adverse Effects 491
15.3.3 Clinical Presentation 492
15.3.4 Treatment 493
15.4 Heroin 493
15.4.1 Adverse Effects 494
15.4.2 Management 494
15.5 Cannabis 495
15.5.1 Pharmacology 495
15.5.2 Adverse Effects 495
15.5.3 Clinical Presentation 496
15.5.4 Treatment 497
15.6 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin Mushrooms 497
15.6.1 Pharmacology 497
15.6.2 Adverse Effects 498
15.6.3 Treatment 498
15.7 Inhaled Volatile Substance Abuse 499
15.7.1 Pharmacology 499
15.7.2 Adverse Effects 499
15.7.3 Treatment 500
15.8 Ketamine and Phencyclidine 501
15.8.1 Pharmacology 501
15.8.2 Adverse Effects 502
15.8.3 Treatment 502
15.9 Novel and Uncommon Drugs 502
15.10 Body Packers 505
15.11 Conclusion 506
References 507
16 Pediatric Cardiovascular Toxicity: Special Considerations 514
16.1 Introduction 514
16.2 Pediatric Poisonings 514
16.2.1 Unintentional Exposures 515
16.2.2 Intentional Exposures 516
16.2.3 Pediatric Poisoning Fatalities 517
16.2.4 Diagnosis and Management 517
16.3 Drug Disposition in Infants and Children 518
16.3.1 Absorption 520
16.3.2 Distribution 521
16.3.3 Metabolism 522
16.3.4 Elimination 523
16.4 Embryonic and Fetal Cardiac Development 523
16.4.1 Vital Signs and the Electrocardiogram 525
16.5 The Pediatric Heart and Toxins 527
16.5.1 Prenatal Exposures 527
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 529
Antiepileptics 529
Retinoic Acid Embryopathy 529
Thalidomide Embryopathy 530
Fetal Warfarin Syndrome 530
Lithium 530
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 531
Exposures from the Environment 531
16.5.2 Special Considerations in Children 532
One Pill Can Kill 532
Prolonged QT Syndrome in Children 532
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity and Dysrhythmias 534
Intentional Poisoning and Child Abuse 535
16.6 Conclusion 536
References 536
17 Cardiovascular Toxicity as a Result of Radiological Imaging 542
17.1 Introduction 542
17.2 Ionizing Radiation 542
17.2.1 Indices Used in Ionizing Radiation 543
Exposure Dose 543
Absorbed Dose 544
Equivalent Dose 544
Effective Dose 545
17.2.2 Circulatory Diseases Due to Exposure to Ionizing Radiation—Imaging 545
Low-Dose Radiation for Benign Conditions 545
17.3 Radiation from Medical Procedures in Pathogenesis of Ischemic Heart Disease 545
17.3.1 Theories and Hypothesis about Pathogenesis for Low-Dose Radiation-Induced Cardiovascular Effects 546
17.4 Occupational Exposure of Relevance to Cardiology Practice 548
17.4.1 Strategies to Minimize Exposure 549
17.5 Cardiovascular Effects of Contrast Media Used with Ionizing Radiation 550
17.5.1 Thrombotic and Hematologic Complications of Contrast Media 552
17.6 Nonionizing Radiation 552
17.6.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 552
In Vitro Studies 553
Animal Studies 554
Human Studies 554
Electrocardiogram Changes 555
Heart Rate Variability 555
Cardiac Musculature 555
Myocardial Infarction 556
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging 556
Effects on Blood Flow 556
Miscellaneous 556
17.6.2 Echocardiography/Diagnostic Ultrasound 557
Experimental Studies of the Effects on the Lung and the Heart 558
Recommendations 560
Acknowledgment 560
References 561
18 Nanomaterials and Cardiovascular Toxicity 568
18.1 Cardiovascular Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicity 568
18.1.1 Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species in Nanoparticle-Based Toxicity 570
18.1.2 Molecular Mechanism of Nanoparticle-Based Cardiotoxicity 571
18.2 Exploring Nanoparticle–Cell Interactions 571
18.3 Different Routes of Nanoparticle Entry and Potential Toxicity 573
18.3.1 Inhalation Route 573
18.3.2 Dermal Route 574
18.3.3 Oral Route 575
18.3.4 Intravenous Route 575
18.4 Effects of Nanomaterials on the Progression of Cardiovascular Toxicity 576
18.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Cardiovascular Diseases 576
Carbon Nanotubes 577
Graphene and Graphene Oxide Nanosheets 579
Pollution-Borne Nanoparticles 579
18.4.2 Metallic and Metallic Oxide Nanoparticles 581
Silica-Based Nanoparticles 581
Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 581
Iron-Based Nanoparticles 583
Gold Nanoparticles 583
Silver Nanoparticles 583
Cerium Oxide 584
18.5 Recent Advances in Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology 584
18.5.1 Virus-Like Nanoparticles 584
18.5.2 Insect Cell-Originated Baculovirus Nanobiohybrids 584
18.5.3 Bioresponsive Nanodelivery Systems 585
18.5.4 Strategy to Evade Immune Attack on Nanoparticles 585
18.6 Conclusion 585
Acknowledgments 586
References 586
19 Forensic Pathology Related to Cardiovascular Toxicity 592
19.1 Introduction 592
19.2 Postmortem Toxicology 593
19.3 Psychostimulants 594
19.3.1 Cocaine 594
19.3.2 Amphetamine 599
19.3.3 Ecstasy 599
19.3.4 Opiates 600
19.4 The Effect of Narcotics on the Heart 600
19.4.1 Cannabis 602
19.4.2 Synthetic Cannabinoid 604
Cardiovascular Effects 604
19.4.3 Alcohol 604
19.4.4 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids 605
19.5 Therapeutic Drugs 606
19.5.1 Antiarrhythmics 607
19.5.2 Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists 608
19.5.3 Calcium Channel Blocking Agents 608
19.5.4 Antidepressant Drugs 608
19.6 Conclusion 609
References 610
20 Ethics, Legality, and Education in the Practice of Cardiology 616
20.1 Introduction 616
20.2 Health Care Delivery 617
20.3 Physician Behavior 618
20.4 Medical Ethics 619
20.4.1 Principles of Health Care Ethics 619
Trust 619
Communication 620
Doctor–Patient Relationship 620
20.4.2 Ethics Related to Medical Tourism 620
20.4.3 Ethics of Ubiquitous Health Care 620
20.4.4 Consultation Ethics 621
20.4.5 Wrongdoing in Medicine 621
20.4.6 Ethical Issues of Managing End-Stage Heart Failure 621
20.4.7 Ethics Related to Futile Medical Treatment 621
20.4.8 Integration of Complementary Therapy 622
20.4.9 Medical Errors 622
20.4.10 Ethical Practice in Laboratory Medicine 622
20.4.11 Ethics Related to Treatment 622
20.4.12 Ethical Issues in Cardiac Surgery 622
20.4.13 Medically Acceptable Wait Time 623
20.4.14 Ethical Issues in Fetal Management 623
20.4.15 Do No (Financial) Harm 623
20.4.16 Shift from Individual Autonomy 623
20.4.17 Ward Rounds 623
20.4.18 Ethics Related to Health and the Media 624
20.4.19 Ethics for Medical Education 624
20.4.20 Involving Patients in Medical Education 624
20.4.21 Research and Publication Ethics 624
20.4.22 Ethics Related to Patients with Heart Disease 624
20.4.23 Defensive Medicine and Consumer-Driven Health Care 625
20.5 Legal Issues 625
20.5.1 Sources of Legal Obligations 625
20.5.2 Law and the Legal System 626
20.5.3 Negligence 626
20.5.4 Malpractice 626
20.5.5 Competency 627
20.5.6 Duties of Prescribers 627
20.5.7 Legal Action against Health Care Providers 627
Informed Consent 628
Failure to Follow the Standard of Care 628
20.5.8 Vicarious Liability 629
20.5.9 Patient’s Bill of Rights 629
20.5.10 Abuse of Power 629
Doctor and Patient Realization of Risk 630
20.6 Education and Training 630
20.6.1 Teaching Ethics and Laws in Medical Schools 630
20.6.2 Continuing Medical Education 631
20.6.3 A Model Curriculum for Legal Medicine and Medical Ethics 631
20.6.4 Early Exposure to Ethics 632
20.6.5 Medicolegal Guidelines 632
20.6.6 Clinical Audit 632
20.6.7 Teaching and Assessing Medical Ethics 633
20.7 Future Directions 637
20.8 Conclusion 638
References 639
Index 646
List of Contributors
Subroto Acharjee, Einstein Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Mahmood Ahmad, Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust, Dartford, United Kingdom, and Tahir Heart Institute, Rabwah, Pakistan
Hamood Al Kindi, The Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Kholoud Samy Alsowayigh, Forensic Medicine Specialist, Forensic Medicine Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Athena Andreosso, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, and Faculty of Medicine, Health and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
Omi Bajracharya, Department of Pharmacology, KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal
Ashish Bhalla, Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Douglas Ewan Cannie, Department of Cardiology, Epsom and St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Epsom, United Kingdom
Siow Ann Chong, Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
Thomas R. Cochran, University of Kansas School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Gabriela Cordero-Schmidt, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Carmen Criscitiello, Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (European Institute of Oncology), Milan, Italy
Giuseppe Curigliano, Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (European Institute of Oncology), Milan, Italy
Harinder Singh Dhindsa, Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
Angela Esposito, Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (European Institute of Oncology), Milan, Italy
Vincent M. Figueredo, Einstein Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, Einstein Medical Center, and Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Stacy D. Fisher, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland Comprehensive Heart Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Rohin Francis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Jeffery Fung, Accident and Emergency Department, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong
Lucia Gelao, Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (European Institute of Oncology), Milan, Italy
Sherien Salah Ghaleb, Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Cairo University and BeniSuef University, Cairo, Egypt
Azad Ghuran, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, United Kingdom
Hanan Hosny Hassan, Forensic Pathology Consultant and Forensic Medicine Authority, Ministry of Justice, Cairo, Egypt
L. David Hillis, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Nisha Jha, Department of Pharmacology, KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal
Magdy A. Kharoshah, Consultant Forensic Medical Examiner, Forensic Medicine Authority, Ministry of Justice, Cairo, Egypt
Richard A. Lange, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Steven E. Lipshultz, Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, University Pediatricians, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Jennifer A. Lowry, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovations, Children’s Mercy Hospital, and University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
Mohammed Saleh Madadin, Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Vijayan Manoharan, Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tanjore, India
Catherine M. Mas, Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, University Pediatricians, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Ragini Medhi, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Chennai, India
Ramachandran Meenakshisundaram, Department of Cardiology, Epsom and St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust, Epsom, United Kingdom, and Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queens Hospital, Romford, United Kingdom
Ritesh George Menezes, Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Tracie L. Miller, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Holtz Children’s Hospital of the University of Miami, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
Churchill Lukwiya Onen, Centre for Chronic Diseases, Gaborone, Botswana
Arghya Paul, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Satya Prakash, Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Bhaskar Purushottam, Einstein Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Sahand Rahnama-Moghadam, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Gwendolyn B. Scott, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Holtz Children’s Hospital of the University of Miami, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
P. Ravi Shankar, Department of Pharmacology, Chair, Curriculum Committee and Research Committee, Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba, and Honorary Lecturer, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Emmanuel Selvaraj, London Chest Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sri Gokulam Hospital and Research Centre, Salem, India
Benjamin Seymour, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
Jamie Seymour, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, and Faculty of Medicine, Health and Molecular Sciences,...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 12.8.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Kardiologie / Angiologie |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Anatomie / Neuroanatomie | |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie | |
| Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pharmakologie / Toxikologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-416599-0 / 0124165990 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-416599-1 / 9780124165991 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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