Osmosis and Tensile Solvent

H.T. Hammel, P.F. Scholander (Autoren)

Buch | Softcover

XII, 136 Seiten

2011 | 1. Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1976
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-642-66341-3 (ISBN)

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This monograph has been written from our convic tion that the present notions of the state of wa ter in osmotic systems are obscure, if not incor rect. The basic ideas presented herein are for us not original, but they have previously been ig nored. We shall attempt again to bring the essen tial concepts to the attention of the functional biologist with the hope that they will be duly considered and accepted. We even dare to expect that many will be able to recognize the inherent beauty in the old idea that all colligative pro perties of water stem exclusively from the fact that the water is under tension, regardless of the particular process by which it has been placed under tension in the biological system. The ideas are so simple and so obvious that we are amazed biologists have not already recognized their va lidity even without the assistance of physical chemistry and chemical thermodynamics, which deal with the subject of water under pressure in solu tions and in matrices. We expect that drawing at tention to experimental evidence heretofore not available will assist the more conservative phys iologist to reconsider and reject fictitious no tions about the properties of water in a solution.

I. Perspectives on the Mechanism of Osmosis and Imbibition.- I. The Founders.- II. Thermodynamic Laissez Faire.- III. Some Fundamental Experimental Facts.- IV. Water Tension Theory.- V. Water Concentration Theory.- Pressure Drop at the Pore Openings.- Osmotic Flow against the Water Potential.- Anti-Gravity Devices in Trees.- Comments.- Concluding Remarks.- II. Some Reversible Thermodynamic Relationships at Equilibrium.- Some Basic Thermodynamic Statements.- The Poynting Relation.- The Clapeyron Equation.- Application of Thermodynamic Statements to Solutions.- Ideal Solution.- Interpreting the Change in Chemical Potential of a Solvent Homogeneous in a Solution.- III. Toward Understanding the Colligative Properties of a Solution.- I. Osmotic Pressure.- Distribution of Vapor Molecules in a Gravity Field.- Thermal Pressure of the Solute and Solvent Molecules within the Solution.- Induction of Enhanced Tension in the Solvent of a Solution.- Distribution of Solute Molecules within a Solution in a Gravity Field.- The Weight of the Column Below the Surface of the Solution and its Correlation with the Concentration at the Free Surface and the Osmotic Pressure of the Solution.- Vapor Pressure of a Distensible Liquid under Tension.- Summary of the Conditions which Describe the Solution in a Gravity Osmometer shown in Figs. 52 and 53.- The Greater Tension in the Solvent within a Solution Alters its Osmotic Pressure with Respect to Pure Solvent.- Height of Solution Column in a Cylindrical Gravity Osmometer.- II. Vapor Pressure.- III. Melting Point.- IV. Boiling Point.- IV. The Chemical Potential of Water.- In a Solution.- In a Matrix.- Chemical Potential of Solvent in Real Solutions.- Glossary of Terms.- References.

Erscheint lt. Verlag	12.11.2011
Zusatzinfo	XII, 136 p. 12 illus.
Verlagsort	Berlin
Sprache	englisch
Maße	170 x 244 mm
Gewicht	274 g
Themenwelt	Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie
Schlagworte	biological • Chemistry • Dynamics • Experiment • Osmose • Physical Chemistry • Solvent • System • thermodynamics • Water
ISBN-10	3-642-66341-9 / 3642663419
ISBN-13	978-3-642-66341-3 / 9783642663413
Zustand	Neuware