Oil Spill Environmental Forensics (eBook)

Fingerprinting and Source Identification

Scott Stout, Zhendi Wang (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2010 | 1. Auflage
620 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-046773-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Oil Spill Environmental Forensics provides a complete view of the various forensic techniques used to identify the source of an oil spill into the environment. The forensic procedures described within represent various methods from scientists throughout the world. The authors explore which analytical and interpretative techniques are best suited for a particular oil spill project.

This handy reference also explores the use of these techniques in actual environmental oil spills. Famous incidents discussed include the Exxon Valdez incident in 1989 and the Guanabara Bay, Brazil 2000. The authors chronicle both the successes and failures of the techniques used for each of these events.

Dr. Zhendi Wang is a senior research scientist and Head of Oil Spill Research of Environment Canada, working in the oil and toxic chemical spill research field. He has authored over 270 academic publications and won a number of national and international scientific honors and awards. Dr. Wang is a member of American Chemical Society (ACS), the Canadian Society for Chemistry (CSC), and the International Society of Environmental Forensics (ISEF).

*International experts show readers the forensic techniques used in oil spill investigations
*Provides the theoretical basis and practical applications for investigative techniques
*Contains numerous case studies demonstrating proven techniques

Inhalt

Front cover 1
Oil Spill Environmental Forensics 4
Copyright page 5
Biography 6
Table of Contents 14
List of Tables 24
List of Figures 28
Preface 48
Contributors 50
Chapter 1: Chemical Fingerprinting of Spilled or Discharged Petroleum — Methods and Factors Affecting Petroleum Fingerprints in the Environment 52
1.1 Introduction 52
1.2 Methods for Chemical Fingerprinting Petroleum 54
1.3 Factors Controlling the Chemical Fingerprints of Spilled or Discharged Petroleum 62
1.4 Summary 94
References 96
Chapter 2: Spill Site Investigation in Environmental Forensic Investigations 106
2.1 Introduction 106
2.2 Environmental Site Characterization and Reconnaissance Survey 106
2.3 Site Entry and Safety Issues during the Emergency Response Phase 108
2.4 Determination of Geographic Boundary and Definition of Different Zones within the Affected Area: 1. Terrestrial Oil Spills 112
2.5 Determination of Geographic Boundary and Definition of Different Zones within the Affected Area: 2. Marine/Coastal Waterborne Oil Spills 113
2.6 Collection of Physical, Ecological, and Environmental Data 114
2.7 Sampling Plan and Design: 1. Spills with Known Source 115
2.8 Sampling Plan and Design: 2. “Mystery” Spills 117
2.9 Data Management 118
2.10 Conclusions 122
References 122
Chapter 3: Petroleum Biomarker Fingerprinting for Oil Spill Characterization and Source Identification 124
3.1 Introduction 124
3.2 Analytical Methodologies for Petroleum Biomarker Fingerprinting 125
3.3 Fingerprinting Petroleum Biomarkers 141
3.4 Effects of Weathering on Biomarker Fingerprinting 181
3.5 Conclusions 189
References 191
Chapter 4: Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles for Source Identification 198
4.1 Introduction 198
4.2 Sulfur Compounds in Crude Oil and Petroleum Products 199
4.3 Influence of Refinery Processes on PASH Patterns 201
4.4 Stability of Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles in the Environment 203
4.5 Petroleum PASH Analysis Techniques 206
4.6 Petroleum PASH Markers in Environmental Forensic Investigations 210
4.7 Conclusions 215
References 215
Chapter 5: Oil Spill Source Identification by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC ¥ GC) 220
5.1 Introduction 220
5.2 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC • GC) 222
5.3 Applications of GC • GC to Fingerprint Oil Spills 232
5.4 Conclusion 252
Acknowledgments 253
References 253
Chapter 6: Application of Stable Isotope Ratios in Spilled Oil Identification 258
6.1 Introduction 258
6.2 Isotope Ratios and Their Measurement 258
6.3 Bulk Isotope Ratios 261
6.4 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) 265
6.5 Weathering 271
6.6 Other Isotopes 275
6.7 Conclusions 275
References 276
Chapter 7: Emerging CEN Methodology for Oil Spill Identification 280
7.1 Introduction 281
7.2 Scope of the CEN Methodology 282
7.3 Strategy for Identifying Oil Spills 282
7.4 Tiered Levels of Analysis and Data Treatment 284
7.5 The CEN Methodology in Practice: A Case Study 302
7.6 Summary 305
Acknowledgment 306
References 306
Chapter 8: Advantages of Quantitative Chemical Fingerprinting in Oil Spill Source Identification 308
8.1 Introduction 308
8.2 Qualitative Fingerprinting Methods 309
8.3 Quantitative Fingerprinting Methods 314
8.4 Unraveling Mixed Source Oils Using Quantitative Fingerprinting Data 327
8.5 Summary 340
References 341
Chapter 9: A Multivariate Approach to Oil Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting and Spill Source Identification 344
9.1 Introduction 344
9.2 Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis 348
9.3 Data Preprocessing 353
9.4 Multivariate Statistical Data Analysis 359
9.5 Data Evaluation 365
9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 370
Acknowledgments 372
References 373
Chapter 10: Chemical Heterogeneity in Modern Marine Residual Fuel Oils 378
10.1 Introduction 378
10.2 Forensic Chemistry Considerations 381
10.3 General Features of Modern Residual Marine Fuel Oils 383
10.4 Molecular Variability among Modern Residual Fuel Oils 387
10.5 Distinguishing Heavy Fuel Oils from Crude Oil 394
10.6 Conclusion 397
References 397
Chapter 11: Biodegradation of Oil Hydrocarbons and Its Implications for Source Identification 400
11.1 Introduction 400
11.2 Biochemistry of Petroleum Biodegradation 400
11.3 Subsurface Biodegradation of Petroleum 408
11.4 Factors Limiting Biodegradation 413
11.5 Microbial Ecology of Petroleum Biodegradation 416
11.6 Conclusions Implications of Biodegradation on Identification
References 421
Chapter 12: Identification of Hydrocarbons in Biological Samples for Source Determination 432
12.1 Introduction 432
12.2 Determination of the Primary Route of Hydrocarbon Accumulation by Biota 433
12.3 Catabolic Degradation of Hydrocarbons Accumulated by Biota 438
12.4 Modes of Toxic Action of Accumulated Hydrocarbons 444
12.5 Case Study: The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 447
12.6 Summary 449
References 449
Chapter 13: Trajectory Modeling of Marine Oil Spills 456
13.1 Introduction 456
13.2 Forecasting and Hindcasting Oil Spill Movement 457
13.3 Oil Spill Transport 458
13.4 Evolution of an Oil Spill 464
13.5 Conclusions and Challenges 467
Acknowledgments 467
References 467
Chapter 14: Oil Spill Remote Sensing: A Forensic Approach 470
14.1 Introduction 470
14.2 Visible Indications of Oil 471
14.3 Optical Sensors 471
14.4 Laser Fluorosensors 474
14.5 Microwave Sensors 477
14.6 Determination of Slick Thickness 479
14.7 Acoustic Systems 486
14.8 Satellite Remote Sensing 486
14.9 Detection of Oil under Ice 487
14.10 Real-Time Displays and Printers 489
14.11 Future Trends 489
References 490
Chapter 15: Advances in Forensic Techniques for Petroleum Hydrocarbons: The Exxon Valdez Experience 500
15.1 Introduction 500
15.2 Identification of Hydrocarbon Sources in PWS 501
15.3 Composition of Exxon Valdez Crude and Its Weathering Products 504
15.4 Resolution of Inputs to the Natural Background 509
15.5 Hydrocarbon Source Allocations 513
15.6 Allocation of Anthropogenic Sources of PAH 520
15.7 Identification of Hydrocarbons in Biological Samples 521
15.8 Applications of Forensic Methods to Assessments of Oil Bioavailability 528
15.9 Summary 533
Acknowledgments 534
References 534
Chapter 16: Case Study: Oil Spills in the Strait of Malacca, Malaysia 540
16.1 Strait of Malacca, Malaysia: Introduction 540
16.2 Chronic and Acute Oil Spill Events in the Strait 542
16.3 Methodology 543
16.4 Analytical Procedure 546
16.5 Instrumental Analysis 547
16.6 Establishment and Application of Biomarker Analysis for Source Identification of Oil Pollution Sources in the Strait of Malacca 549
16.7 Case Study 1: Development of the Analytical Method for Oil Pollution Source Identification Using Biomarkers in the Strait of Malacca 549
16.8 The Application of Molecular Markers for Source Identification of Tar-Ball Pollution in Malaysia 552
16.9 Case Study 2: Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rivers and Estuaries in Malaysia 553
16.10 Conclusions and Future Scenario 553
References 554
Chapter 17: Case Study: Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Sources in Guanabara Bay, Brazil 556
17.1 Guanabara Bay and Hydrocarbon Apportioning 556
17.2 Methodology for Hydrocarbon Determination and Source Evaluation 558
17.3 Hydrocarbon Results for Guanabara Bay Sediments 562
17.4 Conclusions 583
Acknowledgments 584
References 585
Index 588
Color Plates 606

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 26.7.2010
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Recht / Steuern ► Strafrecht ► Kriminologie
• Themenwelt: Sozialwissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-046773-3 / 0080467733
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-046773-3 / 9780080467733