Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete (eBook)

Peter Hewlett (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2003 | 4. Auflage
1092 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-053541-8 (ISBN)

Infos

Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete deals with the chemical and physical properties of cements and concretes and their relation to the practical problems that arise in manufacture and use. As such it is addressed not only to the chemist and those concerned with the science and technology of silicate materials, but also to those interested in the use of concrete in building and civil engineering construction. Much attention is given to the suitability of materials, to the conditions under which concrete can excel and those where it may deteriorate and to the precautionary or remedial measures that can be adopted.
First published in 1935, this is the fourth edition and the first to appear since the death of Sir Frederick Lea, the original author. Over the life of the first three editions, this book has become the authority on its subject. The fourth edition is edited by Professor Peter C. Hewlett, Director of the British Board of Agrement and visiting Industrial Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Dundee. Professor Hewlett has brought together a distinguished body of international contributors to produce an edition which is a worthy successor to the previous editions.


Peter C. Hewlett (Editor) is Director of the British Board of Agreement. He is President of the European Organization for Technical Approvals (EOTA) and Past President of the European Union of Agreement (UEAtc). Before joining the BBA in March 1988, he was a Director of Cementation Research Limited, part of the then Trafalgar House group, working in construction and building research and development for almost 25 years

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Author Biographies 10
Foreword 16
Preface 20
Acknowledgements 24
International Cement Congresses 26
Chapter 1. The History of Calcareous Cements 28
References and notes 46
Chapter 2. Portland Cement: Classification and Manufacture 52
2.1 Composition 52
2.2 Performance-orientated properties 71
2.3 Manufacture of Portland cement clinker 83
2.4 Production of cements 110
References and notes 115
Chapter 3. Cement Components and Their Phase Relations 122
3.1 Introduction 122
3.2 Phase diagrams 122
3.3 Oxide components of cement 131
3.4 Cement-related systems 134
References and notes 153
Chapter 4. The Constitution and Specification of Portland Cements 158
4.1 Introduction 158
4.2 Chemical analysis of Portland cements 160
4.3 Alkali content 163
4.4 Optical examination of Portland cement clinker 168
4.5 Mineral separation techniques 177
4.6 X-ray analysis 178
4.7 Calculation of the proportion of constituent minerals 181
4.8 Electron microprobe analysis 184
4.9 Grinding of Portland cement 189
4.10 Unsoundness in Portland cements 199
4.11 Use of compound content in cement specifications 208
References and notes 215
Chapter 5. The Burning of Portland Cement 222
5.1 Introduction 222
5.2 Methods for the determination of clinker phase composition 223
5.3 Polymorphism and phase equilibria of pure and doped cement clinker phases 234
5.4 Minor components 242
5.5 Kinetics of cement making 256
References and notes 265
Chapter 6. Hydration, Setting and Hardening of Portland Cement 270
6.1 Introduction 270
6.2 Hydration of pure clinker minerals 272
6.3 Interactions in the hydration of clinker minerals 292
6.4 Hydration of Portland cement 292
6.5 Setting of Portland cement 300
6.6 Hydrated Portland cement paste 303
6.7 Strength of hydrated cement 314
6.8 Portland cement hydration at elevated temperature 317
References and notes 318
Chapter 7. Resistance of Concrete to Destructive Agencies 328
7.1 Introduction 328
7.2 Action of frost 329
7.3 Thermal expansion and the durability of concrete 334
7.4 Resistance to fire 334
7.5 Electrolysis of concrete 336
7.6 Action of sulfates 336
7.7 Action of sea water 348
7.8 Action of acids 353
7.9 Action of mineral oils 367
7.10 Action of gases on concrete 367
References and notes 369
Chapter 8. Physiochemical and Mechanical Properties of Portland Cements 372
8.1 Introduction 372
8.2 Heat of hydration 372
8.3 Setting time 381
8.4 Strength 384
8.5 Instantaneous and time-dependent strains under load 412
8.6 Drying shrinkage 419
8.7 Durability 423
References and notes 435
Chapter 9. The Production of Low-Energy Cements 450
9.1 Introduction 450
9.2 Gypsum plaster cements 455
9.3 Blended cements 457
9.4 Portland cements with improved reactivity 458
9.5 Low-energy clinker production 466
9.6 Alkali-activated slags and other aluminosilicates 484
9.7 The future of cement production 489
References and notes 490
Chapter 10. Pozzolana and Pozzolanic Cements 500
10.1 Pozzolanas 500
10.2 Lime–pozzolana mixes 516
10.3 Pozzolana-containing cements 530
10.4 Mortars containing pozzolanas 581
10.5 Concrete containing pozzolanas 589
10.6 Durability 596
References and notes 631
Chapter 11. Cements Made From Blastfurnace Slag 666
11.1 Processing of blastfurnace slag 666
11.2 Composition of blastfurnace slag 668
11.3 Lime–slag cements 676
11.4 Slag as a raw material for the manufacture of Portland cement clinker 677
11.5 Portland blastfurnace cement 677
11.6 Estimation of granulated slag in cement 685
11.7 Hydration of Portland blastfurnace cement 687
11.8 Supersulfated cement 693
11.9 Utilisation of slag cements 697
References and notes 702
Chapter 12. Microsilica as an Addition 708
12.1 Introduction 708
12.2 The material 708
12.3 Effects on fresh concrete 709
12.4 Setting and hardening of concrete 713
12.5 Mechanical properties of hardened concrete 713
12.6 Durability of hardened concrete 718
12.7 Practical use of microsilica in concrete 726
12.8 Production of microsilica 730
12.9 Health and safety 733
12.10 Standards and specifications 733
12.11 Mix design criteria 734
12.12 Other mineral additions and calcium aluminate cements 734
12.13 Concluding summary 735
References and notes 735
Chapter 13. Calcium Aluminate Cements 742
13.1 Introduction 742
13.2 Origins of calcium aluminate cement 743
13.3 Manufacture 744
13.4 Composition and constitution of CACs 745
13.5 Hydration of CACs 751
13.6 Setting and strength development 764
13.7 Other engineering properties 779
13.8 Admixtures 780
13.9 Durability of CAC concrete 783
13.10 Applications 794
References and notes 804
Chapter 14. Special Cements 812
14.1 Introduction 812
14.2 Oilwell cements 812
14.3 Decorative Portland cements 840
14.4 Chemical cements 846
14.5 Special Portland-type and other cements 854
14.6 Conclusion 862
References and notes 862
Chapter 15. Cement Admixtures 870
15.1 Introduction 870
15.2 Air-entraining admixtures 872
15.3 Water-reducing/plasticising admixtures 878
15.4 Superplasticising admixtures 892
15.5 Retarding admixtures 898
15.6 Accelerating admixtures 907
15.7 Water resisting admixtures 916
15.8 Speciality admixtures 920
15.9 Conclusion 928
References and notes 929
Chapter 16. Concrete Aggregates 936
16.1 Introduction 936
16.2 Types and sources of aggregates 936
16.3 Quarrying and processing 947
16.4 Classification and composition 955
16.5 Properties of natural aggregates 968
16.6 Influence of aggregate on concrete properties 983
16.7 Synthetic aggregates 1010
16.8 Conclusion 1022
References and notes 1022
Author Index 1046
Subject Index 1064

Textauszug

Author Biographies

Peter C. Hewlett (Editor) is Director of the British Board of Agrément. He is President of the European Organisation for Technical Approvals (EOTA) and Past President of the European Union of Agrément (UEAtc). Before joining the BBA in March 1988, he was a Director of Cementation Research Limited, part of the then Trafalgar House group, working in construction and building research and development for almost 25 years. Professor Hewlett is a chartered chemist holding the degrees of BSc and PhD. In addition he was awarded a Doctor of Laws Honorary Degree (honoris causa) for his research into various materials aspects of concrete and in particular chemical modification and durability. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Institute of Materials and the UK Concrete Society, of which he is President Designate, as well as an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Concrete Technology. He holds a Visiting Industrial Professorship in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Dundee, Scotland, and has done so since 1986, working within the Concrete Technology Unit. He is currently Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Magazine of Concrete Research (published on behalf of the Institution of Civil Engineers) and has published and lectured widely around the world.

John Bensted read Chemistry for his BSc and PhD degrees at the University of London, before joining Blue Circle Cement at its research division in Greenhithe, Kent. Here he spent over 17 years in research, development, quality control and technical troubleshooting worldwide for the group’s entire range of cement types. He rose to become a principal scientist, and was awarded the DSc degree of the University of London for his cement research work. In 1985 he joined British Petroleum at their Sunbury Research Centre, initially as a senior drilling engineer before becoming a research associate. He directed research programmes on oilwell cement and functioned as an internal consultant for all aspects of cement technology for the different BP businesses worldwide. Since 1992 John has become more involved with academic research in cement and concrete technology as a visiting professor at the Universities of Keele, Greenwich and London (Birkbeck College). He acts as a consultant in cement technology, operating internationally.

Robert G. Blezard spent 36 years in the cement industry as a materials technologist and developed a deep interest in the history of the cement industry. In 1950 he was appointed Chief Analyst at the West Thurrock plant of Tunnel Cement Company, and in 1967 he became a section head in its newly formed Research and Development Department. Later in his career he moved to Blue Circle Cement where he specialised in the microscopy of cement materials. His work has appeared in many publications including Chemistry and Industry, Analyst and Cement and Concrete Research. He is a member of the American Concrete Institute’s Committee on the History of Concrete.

Bev Brown is a Chartered Physicist who qualified with a Special Physics degree at the University of London in the early 1960s. He is now the Divisional Technical Executive of Readymix (UK) Limited and is responsible for technical services within the company, covering sand, gravel, mortar and ready mixed concrete activities. Bev is Chairman of the BSI Sub-Committee dealing with aggregates for concrete. Also active in Europe, he has represented the UK as lead delegate on the CEN Committee which is developing the European Standard for concrete aggregates. At the same time he has been Convenor of the task group considering geometrical requirements for all the end uses of aggregates. Bev has contributed to a number of conferences concerned with aggregates, concrete and quality assurance, and presented a range of papers on these topics. His published work includes the contribution on ‘Marine Aggregates’ in the book Standards for Aggregates. Well known in the industry, he also participates in various technical committees within the Concrete Society, Construction Industry Research and Information Association, European Ready Mixed Concrete Organisation, Quarry Products Association and the Quality Scheme for Ready Mixed Concrete.

Alain Capmas studied Physics at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale of Lausanne, Switzerland. After two years doing computational research in Compagnie Générale d’Electricité, he joined Lafarge in 1975 where he worked on refractory castables and Portland cement before progressing to run a factory producing calcium aluminate cement. In 1987 he transferred to the Central Research Laboratory where he led a research effort to understand the factors affecting the quality of calcium aluminate cements. During this time he developed a thermodynamic approach to understanding the hydration of calcium aluminate cements with the team of Professor Pierre Baret of the University of Dijon. He was then Director of Research and Development at Lafarge Fondu International (now Lafarge Aluminates) until 1995 when he became Research and Development Director of the Central Research Laboratory of Lafarge.

Rodney M. Edmeades graduated in Chemistry in 1953 and, following an intensive technical training course, worked in the cement industry (Blue Circle Group) for 11 years. Joining Cementation Research in 1964, he was appointed a Director in 1977 in charge of the Materials Technology Section. His work at the time encompassed the investigation of cement hydration mechanisms and the interaction of admixtures, together with the development of materials used in civil engineering, concrete repair, ground engineering and mining. He co-authored a number of papers and was elected a Member of the Institute of Concrete Technology in 1988. In that year as a result of a company reorganisation he became an Associate Director of Trafalgar House Technology, responsible for Construction Materials, and acted as Senior Consultant to various group units prior to retirement in May 1995.

Margi Eglinton is a graduate in science of the University of Adelaide, South Australia. Although now retired, she was for more than 40 years a practical chemist. The later, and major part of her working life was spent as Chief Chemist to Wimpey Laboratories Limited. She developed a strong interest in the causes of damage to concrete, and an area of special interest to her has been microbiological causes of damage, particularly sulfate-reducing and sulfate-oxidising bacteria. She has served on several committees and working parties engaged in drawing up recommendations for the performance of concrete in difficult ground conditions, analytical test methods for the determination of harmful contaminants and the foundation of research programmes to investigate the behaviour of concrete in aggressive conditions. She has written several papers and a book on the subject.

Per Fidjestel graduated from Norwegian Technical University in 1973 with a degree in Civil Engineering. He joined Det Norske Veritas working in the area of offshore and marine structures, including cold climate technology. His main role, however, concerned concrete technology. In 1986 he joined Elkem Materials and has since been engaged in a variety of capacities, mainly related to R&D, marketing and technical support in the area of microsilica for concrete. Per is a fellow of ACI and a member of several technical and board-appointed committees, including Chairman of the International Activities Committee. He has published about 50 technical papers mainly on corrosion and/or microsilica. He has also been a member of CEN groups related to microsilica, and is a member of ASTM C-9 on Concrete and D-18 on Geotechnics.

Fredrik P. Glasser is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. He is the author or co-author of more than 350 papers on material science, including many on cement. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and has received numerous distinctions, including Scientific Chairmanship of the 10th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cements and the Copeland Award of the American Ceramic Society. His current research includes the development of new and improved cementitious materials, with emphasis on low-energy clinkering. He leads a Commission of the European Programme which has as its objective establishing a scientific basis for the cement conditioning of nuclear wastes.

Peter J. Jackson entered the cement industry in 1952 at the Research Department of the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Limited after graduating in chemistry at the University and worked on the development and subsequent production of a range of special cements. After the award of an USC in 1962 he transferred into cement manufacture, and having attained Chartered status as Control Engineer was responsible for quality and process control at the eight works located in the Midlands. In 1972 he was appointed Chief Chemist of the Aberthaw and Bristol Channel Portland Cement Company Limited and in 1982 he became the Chief Chemist of the Rugby Portland Cement Company Limited. From 1989 he worked as an independent consultant dealing with matters associated with cement and its manufacture, while maintaining his membership of the European (CEN) Technical Committee on cement and the Convenorship of its Working Group on masonry cement.

Eric E. Lachowski is an electron microscopist in the Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen. He has...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.11.2003
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-053541-0 / 0080535410
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-053541-8 / 9780080535418