Cosmic Rays at Earth (eBook)
1112 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-053005-5 (ISBN)
In 1912 Victor Franz Hess made the revolutionary discovery that ionizing radiation is incident upon the Earth from outer space. He showed with ground-based and balloon-borne detectors that the intensity of the radiation did not change significantly between day and night. Consequently, the sun could not be regarded as the sources of this radiation and the question of its origin remained unanswered. Today, almost one hundred years later the question of the origin of the cosmic radiation still remains a mystery.
Hess' discovery has given an enormous impetus to large areas of science, in particular to physics, and has played a major role in the formation of our current understanding of universal evolution. For example, the development of new fields of research such as elementary particle physics, modern astrophysics and cosmology are direct consequences of this discovery. Over the years the field of cosmic ray research has evolved in various directions: Firstly, the field of particle physics that was initiated by the discovery of many so-called elementary particles in the cosmic radiation. There is a strong trend from the accelerator physics community to reenter the field of cosmic ray physics, now under the name of astroparticle physics. Secondly, an important branch of cosmic ray physics that has rapidly evolved in conjunction with space exploration concerns the low energy portion of the cosmic ray spectrum. Thirdly, the branch of research that is concerned with the origin, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation represents a great challenge for astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology. Presently very popular fields of research have rapidly evolved, such as high-energy gamma ray and neutrino astronomy. In addition, high-energy neutrino astronomy may soon initiate as a likely spin-off neutrino tomography of the Earth and thus open a unique new branch of geophysical research of the interior of the Earth. Finally, of considerable interest are the biological and medical aspects of the cosmic radiation because of it ionizing character and the inevitable irradiation to which we are exposed.
This book is a reference manual for researchers and students of cosmic ray physics and associated fields and phenomena. It is not intended to be a tutorial. However, the book contains an adequate amount of background materials that its content should be useful to a broad community of scientists and professionals. The present book contains chiefly a data collection in compact form that covers the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth, in the Earth's atmosphere, at sea level and underground. Included are predominantly experimental but also theoretical data. In addition the book contains related data, definitions and important relations. The aim of this book is to offer the reader in a single volume a readily available comprehensive set of data that will save him the need of frequent time consuming literature searches.
In 1912 Victor Franz Hess made the revolutionary discovery that ionizing radiation is incident upon the Earth from outer space. He showed with ground-based and balloon-borne detectors that the intensity of the radiation did not change significantly between day and night. Consequently, the sun could not be regarded as the sources of this radiation and the question of its origin remained unanswered. Today, almost one hundred years later the question of the origin of the cosmic radiation still remains a mystery.Hess' discovery has given an enormous impetus to large areas of science, in particular to physics, and has played a major role in the formation of our current understanding of universal evolution. For example, the development of new fields of research such as elementary particle physics, modern astrophysics and cosmology are direct consequences of this discovery. Over the years the field of cosmic ray research has evolved in various directions: Firstly, the field of particle physics that was initiated by the discovery of many so-called elementary particles in the cosmic radiation. There is a strong trend from the accelerator physics community to reenter the field of cosmic ray physics, now under the name of astroparticle physics. Secondly, an important branch of cosmic ray physics that has rapidly evolved in conjunction with space exploration concerns the low energy portion of the cosmic ray spectrum. Thirdly, the branch of research that is concerned with the origin, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation represents a great challenge for astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology. Presently very popular fields of research have rapidly evolved, such as high-energy gamma ray and neutrino astronomy. In addition, high-energy neutrino astronomy may soon initiate as a likely spin-off neutrino tomography of the Earth and thus open a unique new branch of geophysical research of the interior of the Earth. Finally, of considerable interest are the biological and medical aspects of the cosmic radiation because of it ionizing character and the inevitable irradiation to which we are exposed. This book is a reference manual for researchers and students of cosmic ray physics and associated fields and phenomena. It is not intended to be a tutorial. However, the book contains an adequate amount of background materials that its content should be useful to a broad community of scientists and professionals. The present book contains chiefly a data collection in compact form that covers the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth, in the Earth's atmosphere, at sea level and underground. Included are predominantly experimental but also theoretical data. In addition the book contains related data, definitions and important relations. The aim of this book is to offer the reader in a single volume a readily available comprehensive set of data that will save him the need of frequent time consuming literature searches.
Cover 1
Contents 13
Preface 7
Comments for Reader 10
Acknowledgements 11
Chapter 1. Cosmic Ray Properties, Relations and Definitions 23
1.1 Introduction 23
1.2 Propagation of the Hadronic Component 24
1.3 Secondary Particles 28
1.4 Electromagnetic Processes and Energy Losses 38
1.5 Vertical Development in the Atmosphere 42
1.6 Definition of Common Observables 43
1.7 The Atmosphere 50
1.8 Geomagnetic and Heliospheric Effects 58
Chapter 2. Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere 77
2.1 Introduction 77
2.2 Charged Hadrons 78
2.3 Neutrons 122
2.4 Gamma Rays 153
2.5 Electrons (Negatrons and Positrons) 220
2.6 Muons 253
2.7 Nuclei 297
2.8 Antinucleons, Antinuclei 316
Chapter 3. Cosmic Raysat Sea Level 327
3.1 Introduction 327
3.2 Charged Hadrons 329
3.3 Neutrons 357
3.4 Gamma Rays 364
3.5 Electrons (Negatrons and Positrons) 367
3.6 Muons 376
3.7 Nuclei 476
3.8 Antinucleons, Antinuclei 479
Chapter 4. Cosmic Rays Underground, Underwater and Under Ice 481
4.1 Introduction 481
4.2 Theoretical Aspects of Muon Physics 483
4.3 Muons Underground 503
4.4 Muons Under Water and Ice 614
4.5 Neutrinos, General and Atmospheric 634
Chapter 5. Primary Cosmic Radiation 691
5.1 Introduction 691
5.2 Hadrons, Spectra and Composition 699
5.3 Electrons (Positrons and Negatrons) 782
5.4 X- and Gamma Rays 815
5.5 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos 860
5.6 Antiprotons and Antimatter 885
Chapter 6. Heliospheric Phenomena 915
6.1 Introduction 915
6.2 Heliospheric, Magnetospheric and Terrestrial Magnetic Fields 917
6.3 Time Variation and Modulation Effects 928
6.4 Energetic Solar Particles and Photons 949
6.5 Anomalous Cosmic Rays 960
6.6 Solar Neutrinos 971
Chapter 7. Miscellaneous Topics 997
7.1 General Comments 997
7.2 Cosmogenic Nuclides 997
7.3 Galactic and Intergalactic Magnetic Fields 1011
7.4 Antarctic Atmosphere 1017
7.5 Optical and Related Properties of Water and Ice 1018
Appendix A. Miscellaneous Data: Tables 1051
A.1 Comments to Tables 1051
A.2 COSPAR Reference Atmosphere 1054
A.3 Solar System Elemental Abundances 1057
A.4 Radiation Lengths and Critical Energies 1061
A.5 Elements and their Material Parameters 1062
A.6 Muon Energy Loss in Various Elements 1063
A.7 Muon Energy Loss in Compounds 1065
A.8 Units and Conversion Factors 1067
A.9 Constants and Parameters 1068
Appendix B. Miscellaneous Data: Figures 1071
B.1 Comments to Figures 1071
B.2 Kinetic Energy - Rigidity Conversion 1073
B.3 Gyroradius versus Proton Energy 1074
B.4 Ionization versus Depth in Atmosphere 1075
B.5 Nucleon Lifetime Limits 1076
Appendix C. Cosmic Ray Experiments of Past and Present 1077
C.1 Cosmic Ray Ground Level Facilities 1077
C.2 Balloon Experiments 1081
C.3 Underground, Underwater, Under Ice Experiments 1082
Appendix D. Miscellany 1083
D.1 Acronyms of some Experiments 1083
D.2 List of Symbols 1086
D.3 List of Abbreviations 1089
D.4 List of Cosmic Ray Conferences 1091
Index 1092
Erscheint lt. Verlag | 27.7.2001 |
---|---|
Sprache | englisch |
Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Astronomie / Astrophysik |
Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Atom- / Kern- / Molekularphysik | |
Technik ► Luft- / Raumfahrttechnik | |
ISBN-10 | 0-08-053005-2 / 0080530052 |
ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-053005-5 / 9780080530055 |
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