Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles (eBook)

Theory, Measurements, and Applications

Joachim W. Hovenier, Michael I. Mishchenko, Larry D. Travis (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

1999 | 1. Auflage
690 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-051020-0 (ISBN)

Infos

There is hardly a field of science or engineering that does not have some interest in light scattering by small particles. For example, this subject is important to climatology because the energy budget for the Earth's atmosphere is strongly affected by scattering of solar radiation by cloud and aerosol particles, and the whole discipline of remote sensing relies largely on analyzing the parameters of radiation scattered by aerosols, clouds, and precipitation. The scattering of light by spherical particles can be easily computed using the conventional Mie theory. However, most small solid particles encountered in natural and laboratory conditions have nonspherical shapes. Examples are soot and mineral aerosols, cirrus cloud particles, snow and frost crystals, ocean hydrosols, interplanetary and cometary dust grains, and microorganisms. It is now well known that scattering properties of nonspherical particles can differ dramatically from those of equivalent (e.g., equal-volume or equal-surface-area) spheres. Therefore, the ability to accurately compute or measure light scattering by nonspherical particles in order to clearly understand the effects of particle nonsphericity on light scattering is very important.
The rapid improvement of computers and experimental techniques over the past 20 years and the development of efficient numerical approaches have resulted in major advances in this field which have not been systematically summarized. Because of the universal importance of electromagnetic scattering by nonspherical particles, papers on different aspects of this subject are scattered over dozens of diverse research and engineering journals. Often experts in one discipline (e.g., biology) are unaware of potentially useful results obtained in another discipline (e.g., antennas and propagation). This leads to an inefficient use of the accumulated knowledge and unnecessary redundancy in research activities.
This book offers the first systematic and unified discussion of light scattering by nonspherical particles and its practical applications and represents the state-of-the-art of this important
research field. Individual chapters are written by leading experts in respective areas and cover three major disciplines: theoretical and numerical techniques, laboratory measurements, and practical applications. An overview chapter provides a concise general introduction to the subject of nonspherical scattering and should be especially useful to beginners and those interested in fast practical applications. The audience for this book will include graduate students, scientists, and engineers working on specific aspects of electromagnetic scattering by small particles and its applications in remote sensing, geophysics, astrophysics, biomedical optics, and optical engineering.



* The first systematic and comprehensive treatment of electromagnetic scattering by nonspherical particles and its applications
* Individual chapters are written by leading experts in respective areas
* Includes a survey of all the relevant literature scattered over dozens of basic and applied research journals
* Consistent use of unified definitions and notation makes the book a coherent volume
* An overview chapter provides a concise general introduction to the subject of light scattering by nonspherical particles
* Theoretical chapters describe specific easy-to-use computer codes publicly available on the World Wide Web
* Extensively illustrated with over 200 figures, 4 in color

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There is hardly a field of science or engineering that does not have some interest in light scattering by small particles. For example, this subject is important to climatology because the energy budget for the Earth's atmosphere is strongly affected by scattering of solar radiation by cloud and aerosol particles, and the whole discipline of remote sensing relies largely on analyzing the parameters of radiation scattered by aerosols, clouds, and precipitation. The scattering of light by spherical particles can be easily computed using the conventional Mie theory. However, most small solid particles encountered in natural and laboratory conditions have nonspherical shapes. Examples are soot and mineral aerosols, cirrus cloud particles, snow and frost crystals, ocean hydrosols, interplanetary and cometary dust grains, and microorganisms. It is now well known that scattering properties of nonspherical particles can differ dramatically from those of "e;equivalent"e; (e.g., equal-volume or equal-surface-area) spheres. Therefore, the ability to accurately compute or measure light scattering by nonspherical particles in order to clearly understand the effects of particle nonsphericity on light scattering is very important. The rapid improvement of computers and experimental techniques over the past 20 years and the development of efficient numerical approaches have resulted in major advances in this field which have not been systematically summarized. Because of the universal importance of electromagnetic scattering by nonspherical particles, papers on different aspects of this subject are scattered over dozens of diverse research and engineering journals. Often experts in one discipline (e.g., biology) are unaware of potentially useful results obtained in another discipline (e.g., antennas and propagation). This leads to an inefficient use of the accumulated knowledge and unnecessary redundancy in research activities. This book offers the first systematic and unified discussion of light scattering by nonspherical particles and its practical applications and represents the state-of-the-art of this important research field. Individual chapters are written by leading experts in respective areas and cover three major disciplines: theoretical and numerical techniques, laboratory measurements, and practical applications. An overview chapter provides a concise general introduction to the subject of nonspherical scattering and should be especially useful to beginners and those interested in fast practical applications. The audience for this book will include graduate students, scientists, and engineers working on specific aspects of electromagnetic scattering by small particles and its applications in remote sensing, geophysics, astrophysics, biomedical optics, and optical engineering. The first systematic and comprehensive treatment of electromagnetic scattering by nonspherical particles and its applications Individual chapters are written by leading experts in respective areas Includes a survey of all the relevant literature scattered over dozens of basic and applied research journals Consistent use of unified definitions and notation makes the book a coherent volume An overview chapter provides a concise general introduction to the subject of light scattering by nonspherical particles Theoretical chapters describe specific easy-to-use computer codes publicly available on the World Wide Web Extensively illustrated with over 200 figures, 4 in color

Inhalt

Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 16
Preface 20
Hints from History: A Foreword 26
Part I: Introduction 32
Chapter 1. Concepts, Terms, Notation 34
I. Introduction 34
II. Independent Scattering 35
III. Reference Frames and Particle Orientation 36
IV. Amplitude Matrix 38
V. Stokes Parameters 40
VI. Phase Matrix 42
VII. Total Optical Cross Sections 43
VIII. Dichroism and Extinction Matrix 44
IX. Reciprocity 45
X. Ensemble Averaging 46
XI. Scattering Matrix and Macroscopically Isotropic and Symmetric Media 48
XII. Multiple Scattering and Radiative Transfer Equation 53
XIII. Appendix: Geometrical Interpretation of Stokes Parameters and the Rotation Transformation Law for I, Q, U, and V 55
Chapter 2. Overview of Scattering by Nonspherical Particles 60
I. Introduction 61
II. Exact Theories and Numerical Techniques 62
III. Approximations 76
IV. Measurements 80
V. Manifestations of Nonsphericity in Electromagnetic Scattering 85
VI. Abbreviations 90
Chapter 3. Basic Relationships for Matrices Describing Scattering by Small Particles 92
I. Introduction 92
II. Relationships for Scattering by One Particle in a Fixed Orientation 93
III. Relationships for Single Scattering by a Collection of Particles 105
IV. Testing Matrices Describing Scattering by Small Particles 108
V. Discussion and Outlook 113
Part II: Theoretical and Numerical Techniques 118
Chapter 4. Separation of Variables for Electromagnetic Scattering by Spheroidal Particles 120
I. Introduction 121
II. Spheroidal Coordinate Systems 122
III. Spheroidal Wave Functions 123
IV. Spheroidal Vector Wave Functions 129
V. Electromagnetic Scattering by a Coated Lossy Spheroid 131
VI. Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by a Chiral Spheroid 140
VII. Scattering by Systems of Arbitrarily Oriented Spheroids 145
Chapter 5. The Discrete Dipole Approximation for Light Scattering by Irregular Targets 162
I. Introduction 162
II. What Is the Discrete Dipole Approximation? 163
III. The DDSCAT Scattering Code 164
IV. Dipole Array Geometry 165
V. Target Generation 165
VI. Dipole Polarizabilities 167
VII. Accuracy and Validity Criteria 168
VIII. Solution Method 168
IX. Computational Requirements 170
X. Benchmark Calculations: Scattering by Tetrahedra 171
XI. Summary 175
Chapter 6. T-Matrix Method and Its Applications 178
I. Introduction 178
II. The T-Matrix Approach 179
III. Analytical Averaging over Orientations 183
IV. Computation of the T Matrix for Single Particles 188
V. Aggregated and Composite Particles 191
VI. Public-Domain T-Matrix Codes 197
VII. Applications 201
Chapter 7. Finite Difference Time Domain Method for Light Scattering by Nonspherical and Inhomogeneous Particles 204
I. Introduction 205
II. Conceptual Basis of the Finite Difference Time Domain Method 206
III. Finite Difference Equations for the Near Field 209
IV. Absorbing Boundary Condition 225
V. Field in Frequency Domain 232
VI. Transformation of Near Field to Far Field 235
VII. Scattering Properties of Aerosols and Ice Crystals 242
VIII. Conclusions 251
Part III: Compounded, Heterogeneous, and Irregular Particles 254
Chapter 8. Electromagnetic Scattering by Compounded Spherical Particles 256
I. Introduction 257
II. Historical Overview 257
III. Scattering and Absorption of Light by Homogeneous and Concentrically Stratified Spheres 260
IV. Eccentric Two-Sphere Systems 271
V. Aggregates of NS Arbitrarily Configured Spheres 274
VI. Cluster T Matrix and Random-Orientation Properties 284
VII. Measurements and Applications 287
VIII. Vector Addition Theorem 298
Chapter 9. Effective Medium Approximations for Heterogeneous Particles 304
I. Introduction 305
II. Effective Medium Approximations 306
III. Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Function 308
IV. Dynamic Effective Medium Approximation 313
V. Extended Effective Medium Approximations 321
VI. Comparison with Other Approximations, Models, and Measurements 324
VII. Operational Definition of an Effective Dielectric Constant 337
VIII. Conclusions 338
Chapter 10. Monte Carlo Calculations of Light Scattering by Large Particles with Multiple Internal Inclusions 340
I. Introduction 340
II. Ray-Tracing/Monte Carlo Technique 341
III. Results 344
IV. Analytic Approximation 351
V. Conclusions 353
Chapter 11. Light Scattering by Stochastically Shaped Particles 354
I. Introduction 354
II. Stochastic Geometry 358
III. Scattering by Gaussian Particles 366
IV. Conclusion 380
Part IV: Laboratory Measurements 384
Chapter 12. Measuring Scattering Matrices of Small Particles at Optical Wavelengths 386
I. Introduction 386
II. Mueller Matrices and Polarization Modulation 387
III. Experimental Setup 391
IV. Tests 392
V. Results 393
Chapter 13. Microwave Analog to Light-Scattering Measurements 398
I. Introduction 398
II. Analog Materials 399
III. Measurement Principles 401
IV. Measurements 409
V. Discussion 420
Part V: Applications 422
Chapter 14. Lidar Backscatter Depolarization Technique for Cloud and Aerosol Research 424
I. Introduction 424
II. Theoretical Background 426
III. Polarization Lidar Design Considerations 430
IV. Aerosol Research 434
V. Water and Mixed-Phase Cloud Research 437
VI. Cirrus Cloud Research 439
VII. Precipitation and the Phase Change 442
VIII. Conclusions and Outlook 445
Chapter 15. Light Scattering and Radiative Transfer in Ice Crystal Clouds: Applications to Climate Research 448
I. Introduction 449
II. Unified Theory for Light Scattering by Ice Crystals 449
III. Application to Remote Sensing and Climate Research 466
IV. Summary 478
Chapter 16. Centimeter and Millimeter Wave Scattering from Nonspherical Hydrometeors 482
I. Introduction 482
II. Polarimetric Radar Parameters 483
III. Hydrometeor Models 487
IV. Scattering Characteristics of Hydrometeors 490
V. Discrimination of Hydrometeors with Polarimetric Radar 501
VI. Quantitative Estimation with Polarimetric Radar 507
Chapter 17. Microwave Scattering by Precipitation 512
I. Introduction 513
II. Review of Previous Work 516
III. Mathematical Formulation 530
IV. Examples of Model Atmosphere Simulations and Results 543
V. Conclusions and Recommendations 550
VI. Appendix A. Particle Size Distribution: N(r) versus N(D) 553
VII. Appendix B. Particle Size Distribution: Equivalent Spheres 553
VIII. Appendix C. Use of Power Law Distribution in T-Matrix Method 555
Chapter 18. Polarized Light Scattering in the Marine Environment 556
I. Introduction 556
II. Analytical Description of Light Scattering 558
III. Experimental Measurement Techniques 564
IV. Polarized Light Scattering in the Marine Atmosphere 567
V. Polarized Light Scattering in the Submarine Environment 574
VI. Polarized Light Scattering in Sea Ice 582
VII. Conclusions 584
Chapter 19. Scattering Properties of Interplanetary Dust Particles 586
I. Introduction 586
II. Observations of Zodiacal Light and Their Interpretation 589
III. Dust in the Solar System: Complementary View 599
IV. Shape Models for Dust Particles 603
V. Light Scattering by Cosmic Dust Particles 609
VI. Discussion 613
Chapter 20. Biophysical and Biomedical Applications of Nonspherical Scattering 616
I. Introduction 616
II. Theoretical Framework 618
III. Experimental Techniques 627
IV. Concluding Remarks 633
References 634
Index 706

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.9.1999
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geophysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Optik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-051020-5 / 0080510205
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-051020-0 / 9780080510200