Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics (eBook)

Erling Fjaer, Rune Martin Holt, Per Horsrud, Arne Marius Raaen (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2008 | 2. Auflage
514 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-055709-0 (ISBN)

Infos

Engineers and geologists in the petroleum industry will find Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics, 2E, a powerful resource in providing a basis of rock mechanical knowledge - a knowledge which can greatly assist in the understanding of field behavior, design of test programs and the design of field operations. Not only does this text give an introduction to applications of rock mechanics within the petroleum industry, it has a strong focus on basics, drilling, production and reservoir engineering. Assessment of rock mechanical parameters is covered in depth, as is acoustic wave propagation in rocks, with possible link to 4D seismics as well as log interpretation.

* Learn the basic principles behind rock mechanics from leading academic and industry experts
* Quick reference and guide for engineers and geologists working in the field
* Keep informed and up to date on all the latest methods and fundamental concepts

Inhalt

Front cover 1
Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics 4
Copyright page 5
Rasmus Risnes in Memoriam 6
Preface to the second edition 8
Foreword to the 1992 edition 10
Preface to the 1992 edition 12
Contents 14
Chapter 1. Elasticity 24
1.1 Stress 24
1.2 Strain 36
1.3 Elastic moduli 43
1.4 Strain energy 46
1.5 Thermoelasticity 47
1.6 Poroelasticity 49
1.7 Anisotropy 60
1.8 Nonlinear elasticity 65
1.9 Time-dependent effects 69
References 76
Further reading 76
Chapter 2. Failure mechanics 78
2.1 Basic concepts 78
2.2 Tensile failure 82
2.3 Shear failure 83
2.4 Compaction failure 89
2.5 Failure criteria in three dimensions 91
2.6 Fluid effects 98
2.7 Presentation and interpretation of data from failure tests 102
2.8 Beyond the yield point 103
2.9 Failure of anisotropic and fractured rocks 118
2.10 Stress history effects 122
References 123
Chapter 3. Geological aspects of petroleum related rock mechanics 126
3.1 Underground stresses 126
3.2 Pore pressure 137
3.3 Sedimentological aspects 140
3.4 Mechanical properties of sedimentary rocks 146
References 154
Further reading 156
Chapter 4. Stresses around boreholes. Borehole failure criteria 158
4.1 Stresses and strains in cylindrical coordinates 158
4.2 Stresses in a hollow cylinder 160
4.3 Elastic stresses around wells-the general solution 168
4.4 Poroelastic time dependent effects 173
4.5 Borehole failure criteria 177
4.6 Beyond failure initiation 183
4.7 Spherical coordinates 193
References 195
Further reading 196
Chapter 5. Elastic wave propagation in rocks 198
5.1 The wave equation 198
5.2 P- and S-waves 200
5.3 Elastic waves in porous materials 203
5.4 Attenuation 207
5.5 Anisotropy 212
5.6 Rock mechanics and rock acoustics 215
5.7 Reflections and refractions 223
5.8 Borehole acoustics 227
5.9 Seismics 237
References 240
Further reading 241
Chapter 6. Rock models 242
6.1 Layered media 243
6.2 Models involving porosity only 245
6.3 Grain pack models 248
6.4 Models for cracks and other inclusions 253
6.5 Fractured rocks 266
References 272
Chapter 7. Mechanical properties and stress data from laboratory analysis 274
7.1 Core samples for rock mechanical laboratory analysis 275
7.2 Laboratory equipment 280
7.3 Laboratory tests for rock mechanical property determination 286
7.4 Laboratory tests for stress determination 300
7.5 Index tests 303
References 307
Chapter 8. Mechanical properties and IN SITU stresses from field data 312
8.1 Estimation of elastic parameters 312
8.2 Estimation of strength parameters 316
8.3 Estimation of IN SITU stresses 318
8.4 References 329
Further reading 331
Chapter 9. Stability during drilling 332
9.1 Unstable boreholes: Symptoms, reasons and consequences 333
9.2 Rock mechanics analysis of borehole stability during drilling 337
9.3 Time-delayed borehole failure 343
9.4 Interaction between shale and drilling fluid 346
9.5 Borehole stability analysis for well design 348
9.6 Use of pressure gradients 352
9.7 Beyond simple stability analysis 354
References 359
Further reading 361
Chapter 10. Solids production 364
10.1 Operational aspects of solids production 364
10.2 Sand 366
10.3 Chalk 388
References 389
Further reading 390
Chapter 11. Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing 392
11.1 Conditions for tensile failure 393
11.2 Fracture initiation and formation breakdown 395
11.3 Fracture orientation, growth and confinement 399
11.4 Fracture size and shape 403
11.5 Fracture closure 405
11.6 Thermal effects on hydraulic fracturing 410
References 412
Further reading 413
Chapter 12. Reservoir geomechanics 414
12.1 Compaction and subsidence 414
12.2 Modelling of reservoir compaction 415
12.3 From compaction to subsidence 425
12.4 Geomechanical effects on reservoir performance 437
12.5 Well problems and reservoir geomechanics 450
References 453
Further reading 456
Appendix A. Rock properties 458
Appendix B. SI metric conversion factors 466
Appendix C. Mathematical background 468
C.1 Introduction 468
C.2 Matrices 468
C.3 Vectors and coordinate transforms 474
C.4 Tensors and coordinate transforms 475
C.5 Eigenvalues, eigenvectors and diagonalization 475
C.6 Rotation of the coordinate system: The Euler angles 476
C.7 Examples 477
C.8 Matrix invariants 478
C.9 Some trigonometric formulas 480
C.10 The Voigt notation spelled out 480
C.11 The Einstein summing convention and other notation conventions 482
References 484
Appendix D. Some relevant formulas 486
D.1 Elasticity 486
D.2 Elastic wave propagation in rocks 489
D.3 Rock models 490
D.4 Solids production 492
D.5 Subsidence 493
D.6 Vector operators in cylindrical coordinates 494
References 496
Appendix E. List of symbols 498
Index 506

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 4.1.2008
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-055709-0 / 0080557090
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-055709-0 / 9780080557090