Groundwater Science (eBook)

Charles R. Fitts (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2002 | 1. Auflage
450 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-049503-3 (ISBN)

Infos

Groundwater Science is a timely, current, and comprehensive presentation of groundwater hydrology that integrates chemistry, physics, geology and calculus. With the input of students and other hydrology instructors, the author has developed a text reference that will be appreciated by students and professors alike.

* Provides an accompanying Web site (http://www.academicpress.com/groundwater) with sample data sets for problems, and links to groundwater sites and public domain software
* Integrates up-to-date material on field methods and flow modeling methods
* Covers recent contamination topics including non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), complex solute transport processes, and remediation
* Presents clear explanations, two-color figures, case studies, and worked examples throughout
* Solutions manual for all end-of-chapter problems is available to faculty who adopt the text

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Groundwater Science is a timely, current, and comprehensive presentation of groundwater hydrology that integrates chemistry, physics, geology, and calculus. With the input of students and other hydrology instructors, the author has developed a text reference that will be appreciated by students and professors alike. The book covers recent contamination topics such as non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), complex solute transport processes, and remediation. It contains clear explanations, two-color figures, case studies, and worked examples throughout. This book is recommended for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in hydrology, geology, environmental science, and civil engineering departments as well as for scientists and engineers in the groundwater field. - Integrates up-to-date material on field methods and flow modeling methods- Covers recent contamination topics including non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), complex solute transport processes, and remediation- Presents clear explanations, two-color figures, case studies, and worked examples throughout

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Groundwater: the Big Picture 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Global Water Reservoirs and Fluxes 19
1.3 Terminology for Subsurface Waters 21
1.4 Fluxes Affecting Groundwater 22
1.5 Hydrologic Balance 28
1.6 Water and Groundwater Use 30
1.7 What Groundwater Scientists Do 31
1.8 Problems 32
Chapter 2. Physical Properties 36
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Properties of Water 36
2.3 Properties of Air 40
2.4 Properties of Porous Media 40
2.5 Energy and Hydraulic Head 45
2.6 Measuring Hydraulic Head with Wells and Piezometers 48
2.7 Problems 51
Chapter 3. Principles of Flow 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Darcy’s Law and Hydraulic Conductivity 54
3.3 Intrinsic Permeability and Conductivity of Other Fluids 60
3.4 Limits on the Application of Darcy’s Law 61
3.5 Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Hydraulic Conductivity 63
3.6 Estimating Average Hydraulic Conductivities 67
3.7 Transmissivity 70
3.8 Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity 70
3.9 Flow in Fractured Rock 79
3.10 Unsaturated Flow 80
3.11 Flow of Groundwater with Variable Density 85
3.12 Problems 90
Chapter 4. Geology and Groundwater Flow 96
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Exploring the Subsurface 96
4.3 General Patterns of Groundwater Flow 108
4.4 Groundwater in Unconsolidated Deposits 116
4.5 Groundwater in Sedimentary Rocks 127
4.6 Groundwater in Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 132
4.7 Frozen Ground and Permafrost 136
4.8 Problems 138
Chapter 5. Deformation, Storage, and General Flow Equations 140
5.1 Introduction 140
5.2 Effective Stress 140
5.3 Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations 142
5.4 Excavation Instability and Liquefaction 145
5.5 Slope Instability 146
5.6 Earthquakes and Groundwater Pressures 148
5.7 Matrix Compression 151
5.8 Changes in Subsurface Water Storage 162
5.9 General Flow Equations 167
5.10 Overview of Mathematical Modeling 175
5.11 Problems 178
Chapter 6. Modeling Steady Flow with Basic Methods 182
6.1 Introduction 182
6.2 Aquifers with Uniform Transmissivity 182
6.3 Vertical Plane Flow 206
6.4 Flow Net Graphical Solutions 208
6.5 Unconfined Aquifers with a Horizontal Base 217
6.6 Problems 223
Chapter 7. Modeling Transient Flow with Basic Methods 230
7.1 Introduction 230
7.2 Radial Flow in Aquifers with Uniform Transmissivity 230
7.3 Pumping Test Analysis 239
7.4 Additional Considerations for Pumping Tests 246
7.5 Problems 252
Chapter 8. Computer-Assisted Flow Modeling 256
8.1 Introduction 256
8.2 Finite Difference Method 256
8.3 Finite Element Method 267
8.4 Analytic Element Method 273
8.5 Strengths and Limitations of These Methods 285
8.6 Model Calibration and Parameter Estimation 287
8.7 Interpreting Model Results 288
8.8 Problems 289
Chapter 9. Groundwater Chemistry 294
9.1 Introduction 294
9.2 Molecular Properties of Water 295
9.3 Solute Concentration Units 296
9.4 Natural Solutes 298
9.5 Chemical Reactions 305
9.6 Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation 312
9.7 Gas–Water Partitioning 314
9.8 Aqueous-Phase Reactions 316
9.9 Sorption 328
9.10 Isotopes 336
9.11 Examples of Natural Groundwater Chemistry Processes 343
9.12 Problems 350
Chapter 10. Groundwater Contamination 354
10.1 Introduction 354
10.2 Contamination Sources 354
10.3 Organic Contaminants 358
10.4 Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids 367
10.5 Solute Transport Processes 375
10.6 Case Studies of Solute Transport 383
10.7 Modeling Solute Transport 390
10.8 Investigating Contamination 400
10.9 Remediating Contamination 405
10.10 Problems 415
Appendix A. Units and Conversions 420
A.1 Length [L] 420
A.2 Area [L2] 420
A.3 Volume [L3] 420
A.4 Time[T] 420
A.5 Mass [M] and Weight [ML/T2] at Earth’s Surface 420
A.6 Force [ML/T2] 421
A.7 Pressure or Stress [M/LT2] 421
A.8 Energy [ML2/T2] 421
A.9 Power [ML2/T3] 421
A.10 Angle 421
A.11 Temperature 421
A.12 Velocity and Hydraulic Conductivity [L/T] 421
A.13 Transmissivity [L2/T] 421
A.14 Discharge (Flow Rate) [L3/T] 422
A.15 Unit Prefixes 422
A.16 Performing Unit Conversions 422
Appendix B. Mathematics Primer 424
B.1 Algebra and Geometry 424
B.2 Functions of One Variable 425
B.3 Formulas for Common Derivatives 425
B.4 Functions of Two or More Variables 426
Appendix C. Book Internet Site 428
Answers to Selected Problems 430
References 434
Index 450
Periodic Table of the Elements 466

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.6.2002
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• ISBN-10: 0-08-049503-6 / 0080495036
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-049503-3 / 9780080495033