Granulation (eBook)

Michael Hounslow, Agba D. Salman, Jonathan P.K. Seville (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2006 | 1. Auflage
1402 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-046788-7 (ISBN)

Infos

"Granulation provides a complete and comprehensive introduction on the state-of-the-art of granulation and how it can be applied both in an academic context and from an industrial perspective. Coupling science and engineering practices it covers differing length scales from the sub-granule level through behaviour through single granules, to bulk granule behaviour and equipment design. With special focus on a wide range of industrially relevant areas from fertilizer production, through to pharmaceuticals. Experimental data is complemented by mathematical modelling in this emerging field, allowing for a greater understanding of the basis of particle products and this important industry sector.
Four themes run through the book:
1. The Macro Scale processing for Granulation - including up to date descriptions of the methods used for granulation and how they come about and how to monitor - on-line these changes.
2. The Applications of granulation from an industrial perspective, with current descriptive roles and how they are undertaken with relevance to industry, and effective properties.
3. Mechanistic descriptions of granulation and the different rate processes occurring within the granulator. This includes methods of modelling the process using Population - Balance Equations, and Multi-level Computational Fluid Dynamics Models.
4. The Micro Scale: Granules and Smaller, looking at single granules and there interactions and modelling, while also considering the structure of granules and their constituent liquid bridges.

* Covers a wide range of subjects and industrial applications
* Provides an understanding of current issues for industrial and academic environments
* Allows the reader an understanding of the science behind engineered granulation processes"

Inhalt

Cover 1
Granulation 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
The Macro Scale I: Processing for Granulation 14
Chapter 1. High Shear Granulation 16
1. Introduction 16
2. Effect of Parameters and Operating Conditions on Granulation Rates 17
3. Powder Motion in High Shear Mixers 24
References 31
Chapter 2. Fluidized Bed Spray Granulation 34
1. Introduction 36
2. Pneumatic Behaviour of Fluidized Beds 37
3. Solid Surface Area and Granule Growth 66
4. Degree of Wetting and Heat and Mass Transfer 121
5. Fluidized Bed Granulation with Superheated Steam 146
6. Fluidized Bed Spray Granulation in Closed or Semi-Closed Systems 156
7. Product Examples of the University of Magdeburg 169
8. Conclusions 191
References 197
Chapter 3. Extrusion–Spheronisation 202
1. Scope and Introduction 202
2. Equipment 204
3. Mechanics and Mechanisms 213
4. Formulation 222
5. Control 226
6. Challenges and Future Developments 227
Acknowledgments 227
References 228
Chapter 4. Drum Granulation Processes 232
1. Introduction 233
2. Particle Size Enlargement in Drum Granulation 235
3. Recent Developments in Drum Granulation 242
4. Mathematical Modelling of Drum Granulation 248
5. Drum Granulation of NPK Fertilisers (Including own Contribution) 254
6. Future Developments in Drum Granulation Modelling 262
References 264
Chapter 5. Roll Pressing 268
1. Introduction 269
2. Description of the roll Compaction Process 271
3. Roll Pressing in Practice 272
4. Modelling 277
5. Roll Compaction Simulators 285
6. Experimental Investigations 288
7. Forward Look 298
Acknowledgements 299
References 299
Chapter 6. Dry Granulation 302
1. Introduction 302
2. Growth Process and Mechanism 304
3. Operating Variables 307
4. Material Properties 311
5. Scale-up Considerations 316
6. Applications 320
7. Theory 332
8. Summary 334
References 335
Chapter 7. Coating and Encapsulation Processes in Powder Technology 336
1. Introduction and Definitions 337
2. Industrial Applications of the Coating Process 339
3. Principles and Classification of Coating Processes 342
4. Fundamental Aspects Involved in Coating 345
5. Coating Technologies and Equipments 359
6. Concepts in Modelling the Coating Process 379
Concluding Remarks 385
References 385
Chapter 8. Modelling of Pan-Coating Processes for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 390
1. Introduction 391
2. Modelling of Mass Coating Variability 393
3. Conclusions and Discussion 425
References 428
Chapter 9. Granulation Equipment 430
1. General Overview of Equipment for Granulation and Coating Processes 430
2. Granulators and Coaters Using Mainly Convective Heat and Mass Transfer and Low Agitation 439
3. High Shear Granulators 482
4. Summary 488
References 488
Chapter 10. Online Monitoring 490
1. Introduction 490
2. Online Monitoring of Process Variables 490
3. Conclusions 511
References 511
Chapter 11. Process Systems Engineering Applied to Granulation 512
1. Key Issues 513
2. Process Systems Engineering: Selected Applications 523
3. Future Challenges in Process Systems Approaches to Granulation 562
References 563
The Macro Scale II: Applications 566
Chapter 12. Agglomeration of Enzymes, Micro-organisms and Flavours 568
1. Agglomerated Enzymes, Micro-Organisms and Yeast Hydrolysates for food Applications 568
2. Hygienic Design of food Equipment and Process Lines 587
3. Drying of Sticky Materials Such as Yeast Extracts 593
References 601
Chapter 13. Agglomeration of Dehydrated Consumer Foods 604
1. Introduction 605
2. Properties of Food Particles and Main Adhesion Principles 606
3. Agglomeration Processes Used by the Food Industry 626
4. Agglomeration Technologies for Different Product Groups 657
5. Undesired Agglomeration of Food Powders 678
References 683
Chapter 14. Detergent Granulation 686
1. Introduction 686
2. Detergent Powder Ingredients 688
3. Detergent Powder Properties 690
4. Granulation Technologies 695
5. Granules for Tabletting 700
6. Structure of Detergent Powders 701
7. Future Directions 713
Acknowledgements 713
References 713
Chapter 15. Granulation Process Control – Production of Pharmaceutical Granules: The Classical Batch Concept and the Problem of Scale-Up 718
1. Introduction 719
2. Fundamentals 720
3. The Batch Agglomeration Process and the Challenge of Scale-Up 723
4. Evidence for Scale-Up Invariants Based on the Power Consumption 731
5. Robust Formulations and Dosage form Design 739
References 744
Chapter 16. Tabletting 748
1. Introduction 749
2. Compaction Process 751
3. Compaction Mechanisms 757
4. Compaction Equipment 768
5. Finished Compact Characteristics 775
6. Compact Problems and Solutions 779
7. New Technologies 786
References 789
Chapter 17. Direct Pelletization of Pharmaceutical Pellets in Fluid-Bed Processes 792
1. Fluid-Bed Equipment 793
2. Granulation vs. Pelletization 794
3. Direct Pelletization vs. Layering of Seeds 795
4. Mechanisms of Agglomeration/Pelletization 797
5. Response Variables 798
6. Wet Pelletization 799
7. Melt Pelletization 814
References 823
The Meso Scale: Mechanistic Description 826
Chapter 18. Shear-Induced Dispersion of Particle Agglomerates 828
1. Introduction 828
2. Background 830
3. Experimental Methods 833
4. Experimental Results 835
5. Conclusions and Synthesis of Results – Dispersion Maps 861
Acknowledgments 864
References 864
Chapter 19. Scale-Up of High-Shear Binder-Agglomeration Processes 866
1. Introduction 867
2. Product Attributes – The Micro-Scale Approach 871
3. Scale up of Process Equipment – The Macro-Approach 885
4. Multi-Scale Approach – Linking Micro- And Macro-Scale Approaches 900
5. Summary and Forward Look 902
6. Conclusion 906
Acknowledgments 907
References 907
Chapter 20. Granulation Rate Processes 910
1. Introduction 911
2. Wetting and Nucleation 913
3. Growth and Consolidation 942
4. Wet Granule Breakage 975
5. Concluding Comments: Where to from Here in the Field of Granulation? 984
References 988
Chapter 21. Breakage in Granulation 992
1. Introduction 993
2. Breakage at the Process Scale 995
3. Breakage at the Granule Scale 1007
4. Modelling of Breakage 1034
5. Conclusions 1048
References 1049
Chapter 22. Fluidisation of Cohesive Particles 1054
1. Basic Aspects of Fluidisation 1054
2. Types of Fluidisation 1064
3. Interparticle Forces 1071
4. The Effects of Cohesive Forces 1075
5. Conclusions 1080
Acknowledgements 1081
References 1081
Chapter 23. Multi-Level Computational Fluid Dynamics Models for the Description of Particle Mixing and Granulation in Fluidized Beds 1084
1. Introduction 1085
2. Discrete Element Model (DEM) 1087
3. Multi-Fluid Model 1099
4. Outlook 1116
Acknowledgments 1117
References 1119
Chapter 24. Population Balance Modelling of Granulation 1122
1. Basic Information 1123
2. The Key Issues 1126
3. Background and Literature Review 1129
4. Forward Look 1192
References 1195
The Micro Scale: Granules and Smaller 1200
Chapter 25. Granule Structure 1202
1. Introduction 1202
2. Importance of Granule Structure 1203
3. First Attempts to Look into Granule Structure 1205
4. Solvent Extraction 1206
5. Imaging Techniques 1211
References 1224
Chapter 26. Morphology and Strength Development in Solid and Solidifying Interparticle Bridges in Granules of Pharmaceutical Powders 1226
1. Introduction 1227
2. The Key Issues 1228
3. Background and Literature Review 1229
4. Extended Summaries of the Contribution 1230
5. Experimental 1232
6. Theoretical 1241
7. Strength of Solid Bridges and Dry Granules: Results and Discussion 1243
8. Evolution of Drying Material Bridges: Results and Discussion 1248
9. Conclusions 1263
10. Forward Look 1264
Acknowledgements 1264
Appendix: Prediction of Dry Bridge Strength 1264
References 1268
Chapter 27. Liquid Bridges in Granules 1270
1. Introduction 1270
2. Adhesive Forces Arising from Liquid Bridges 1272
3. Direct Observation and Measurement of Liquid Bridge Behaviour 1286
4. Relating Particle–Binder Interactions to Granule Behaviour 1305
5. Conclusions 1325
References 1328
Chapter 28. Pendular Capillary Bridges 1330
1. Introduction 1330
2. Fundamental Properties 1332
3. The Toroidal Approximation 1336
4. Israelachvili’s Approximation 1341
5. Evaluation of the Laplace–Young Equation 1343
6. Influence of Wetting Hysteresis 1353
7. Influence of Gravity 1357
8. Future Look 1362
References 1363
Chapter 29. Sub-Granule Scale Modelling 1366
1. Introduction 1366
2. Computational Methods 1368
3. Application Examples 1381
4. Forward Look 1388
References 1390
Subject Index 1392

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 24.11.2006
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Mineralogie / Paläontologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-046788-1 / 0080467881
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-046788-7 / 9780080467887