Water Resources Systems Planning and Management (eBook)

Sharad K. Jain, V.P. Singh (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2003 | 1. Auflage
882 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-054369-7 (ISBN)

Infos

This book is divided into four parts. The first part, Preliminaries, begins by introducing the basic theme of the book. It provides an overview of the current status of water resources utilization, the likely scenario of future demands, and advantages and disadvantages of systems techniques. An understanding of how the hydrological data are measured and processed is important before undertaking any analysis. The discussion is extended to emerging techniques, such as Remote Sensing, GIS, Artificial Neural Networks, and Expert Systems. The statistical tools for data analysis including commonly used probability distributions, parameter estimation, regression and correlation, frequency analysis, and time-series analysis are discussed in a separate chapter.

Part 2 Decision Making, is a bouquet of techniques organized in 4 chapters. After discussing optimization and simulation, the techniques of economic analysis are covered. Recently, environmental and social aspects, and rehabilitation and resettlement of project-affected people have come to occupy a central stage in water resources management and any good book is incomplete unless these topics are adequately covered. The concept of rational decision making along with risk, reliability, and uncertainty aspects form subject matter of a chapter. With these analytical tools, the practitioner is well equipped to take a rational decision for water resources utilization.

Part 3 deals with Water Resources Planning and Development. This part discusses the concepts of planning, the planning process, integrated planning, public involvement, and reservoir sizing.

The last part focuses on Systems Operation and Management. After a resource is developed, it is essential to manage it in the best possible way. Many dams around the world are losing some storage capacity every year due to sedimentation and therefore, the assessment and management of reservoir sedimentation is described in details. No analysis of water resources systems is complete without consideration of water quality. A river basin is the natural unit in which water occurs. The final chapter discusses various issues related to holistic management of a river basin.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 12
Preface 8
Acknowledgments 11
Part I: Preliminaries 26
Chapter 1. Introduction to Water Resources Systems 28
1.1 Need for Water 31
1.2 Availability of Water 37
1.3 Technology for Meeting Water Needs 43
1.4 Water Resources Planning 44
1.5 Water Resources Development 45
1.6 Water Resources Management 46
1.7 Water Resources Systems 51
1.8 Issues in Systems Approach 56
1.9 Advantages and Limitations of Systems Approach 59
1.10 Challenges in Water Sector 61
1.11 An Example Water Resources System–Sabarmati System 65
1.12 Closure 68
1.13 References 69
Chapter 2. Acquisition and Processing of Water Resources Data 72
2.1 Types of Water Resources Data 73
2.2 Design of Hydrometeorological Networks 77
2.3 Data Validation 80
2.4 Acquisition and Processing of Precipitation Data 84
2.5 Acquisition and Processing of other Meteorological Data 101
2.6 Acquisition and Processing of Streamflow Data 106
2.7 Water Quality Data 124
2.8 Other Data 132
2.9 Water Resource Information System 139
2.10 Closure 144
2.11 References 144
Chapter 3. Emerging Techniques for Data Acquisition and Systems Modeling 148
3.1 Remote Sensing 148
3.2 Geographic Information Systems 171
3.3 Artificial Neural Networks 196
3.4 Expert Systems 214
3.5 Closure 223
3.6 References 224
Chapter 4. Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis 232
4.1 Basic Concepts 233
4.2 Probability Distributions 240
4.3 Methods of Parameter Estimation 247
4.4 Concept of Entropy 255
4.5 Problems of Parameter Estimation 257
4.6 Hypothesis Testing 260
4.7 Linear Regression 265
4.8 Multiple Linear Regression 273
4.9 Correlation Analysis 276
4.10 Frequency Analysis 279
4.11 Time Series Analysis 287
4.12 Markov Models 296
4.13 Closure 299
4.14 References 299
Part II: Decision Making 302
Chapter 5. Systems Analysis Techniques 304
5.1 Systems Analysis Techniques 304
5.2 Optimization 305
5.3 Linear Programming 307
5.4 Nonlinear Programming 322
5.5 Dynamic Programming 332
5.6 Stochastic Optimization 339
5.7 Multi-Objective Optimization 344
5.8 Goal Programming 353
5.9 Simulation 362
5.10 Closure 370
Appendix 5A.1 Generation of Random Numbers 371
Appendix 5A.2 Transformation of Random Numbers 372
5.11 References 374
Chapter 6. Economic Considerations 376
6.1 Basic Principles of Project Economics 377
6.2 Demand and Utility of Water 384
6.3 Project Economics and Evaluation 388
6.4 Discounting Techniques 391
6.5 Benefit-Cost Ratio Method 392
6.6 Other Discounting Methods 398
6.7 Project Feasibility and Optimality 406
6.8 Allocation of Project Cost 411
6.9 Closure 417
6.10 References 417
Chapter 7. Environmental and Social Considerations 420
7.1 Dynamism of Environment 421
7.2 Water in Environment 422
7.3 Environmental Impacts of Water Resources Projects 423
7.4 Environmental Impacts of Reservoirs 430
7.5 Environmental Problems in Command Areas 438
7.6 Environmental Impact Assessment 440
7.7 Integration of Environmental Aspects in Water Resources Planning 455
7.8 Environmental Considerations in Reservoir Planning and Operation 458
7.9 Sustainable Development 461
7.10 Social Impacts 467
7.11 Case Study - Sardar Sarovar Project, India 473
7.12 Closure 479
7.13 References 479
Appendix 7A The Report of World Commission on Dams 482
Chapter 8. Rational Decision Making 484
8.1 Concept of Rationality 486
8.2 Risk Analysis and Management 487
8.3 Uncertainty Analysis 497
8.4 Utility Theory 510
8.5 Systems Techniques for Rational Decision Making 517
8.6 Bayesian Decision Making 520
8.7 Closure 526
8.8 References 526
Part III: Water Resources Planning and Development 528
Chapter 9. Water Resources Planning 530
9.1 Integrated Planning 533
9.2 Stages in Water Resources Planning 534
9.3 Data Collection and Processing 538
9.4 Estimation of Future Water Demands 541
9.5 Plan Initiation and Preliminary Planning 545
9.6 Institutional Set-up 550
9.7 Public Involvement 553
9.8 Formulation and Screening of Alternatives 558
9.9 Models for Water Resources Planning 560
9.10 Sensitivity Analysis 566
9.11 Interaction between Analyst and Decision-maker 568
9.12 Water Resource Planning–Case Studies 570
9.13 Closure 575
9.14 References 576
Chapter 10. Reservoir Sizing 580
10.1 Need for Reservoirs 581
10.2 Characteristics and Requirements of Water Uses 583
10.3 Reservoir Planning 586
10.4 Estimation of Water Yield Using Flow Duration Curves 591
10.5 Hydropower Generation 594
10.6 Reservoir Losses 599
10.7 Range Analysis 602
10.8 Regulation Regime Function 606
10.9 Reservoir Capacity Computation 608
10.10 Storage Requirement for Conservation Purposes 610
10.11 Flood Control Storage Capacity 620
10.12 Reservoir Routing 623
10.13 Fixing Top of Dam 631
Appendix 10.A Definitions 632
Appendix 10.B Fixing Live Storage Capacity of Dharoi Reservoir 634
10.14 References 636
Part IV: Systems Operation and Management 638
Chapter 11. Reservoir Operation 640
11.1 Conflicts in Reservoir Operation 641
11.2 Critical Issues in Reservoir Operation 642
11.3 Basic Concepts of Reservoir Operation 645
11.4 Rule Curves 648
11.5 Operation of a Multi-Reservoir System 652
11.6 Reservoir Operation for Flood Control 664
11.7 System Engineering for Reservoir Management 675
11.8 Real-Time Reservoir Operation 685
11.9 Development of Operating Rules for Sabarmati System 689
11.10 Closure 700
11.11 References 701
Chapter 12. Reservoir Sedimentation 706
12.1 Reservoir Sedimentation 709
12.2 Loss of Storage Capacity 716
12.3 Sediment Yield of Watersheds 727
12.4 Reservoir Surveys 740
12.5 Assessment of Reservoir Sedimentation Using Remote Sensing 746
12.6 Methods to Control Sediment Inflow into a Reservoir 752
12.7 Sediment Routing 759
12.8 Recovery of Storage Capacity 761
12.9 Closure 764
12.10 References 764
Chapter 13. Water Quality Modeling 768
13.1 Relevant Properties of Water 769
13.2 Water Quality Monitoring 771
13.3 River Water Quality Modeling 777
13.4 Modeling of Oxygen in Rivers 790
13.5 Catchment-scale Water Quality Models 797
13.6 Water Quality in Lakes and Reservoirs 800
13.7 Groundwater Quality 806
13.8 Closure 809
13.9 References 810
Chapter 14. River Basin Planning and Management 812
14.1 Definition and Scope of River Basin Management 814
14.2 Planning and River Basin Management 821
14.3 Integrated Water Resources Management 822
14.4 Decision Support Systems (DSS) 834
14.5 Institutional Aspects of Basin Management 842
14.6 Public Involvement 850
14.7 Inter-Basin Water Transfer 852
14.8 Management of International River Basins 857
14.9 Closure 862
14.10 References 863
Appendix A. Conversion Factors 868
Appendix B. Useful Internet Sites 870
Index 874

Textauszug

Chapter 2

Acquisition and Processing of Water Resources Data

S.K. Jain    National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247 667, Uttaranchai, India

V.P. Singh    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6405, USA

The objectives of this chapter are:

• to explain various categories of water resources data;

• to discuss techniques of acquisition, validation, and processing of precipitation and discharge data;

• to discuss meteorological, water quality, and other data used in water resources planning and management; and

• to explain important features of a water resources information system.

Data are the foundations on which any analysis rests. The practice of hydrological measurements is very old. Kautilya initiated systematic precipitation measurements in India in the fourth century BC. Streamflow was probably first monitored by Hero of Alexandria in the first century AD. With development in water sciences, there have been simultaneous developments in equipment and techniques of data collection. A number of international / national standards have been prepared to ensure systematic measurements of water resources and it is necessary that the observatories should conform to these standards. The Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrological Sciences (1991) has appropriately summarized the necessity of good water resources data: “Modeling and data collection are not independent processes. Ideally, each drives and directs the other. Better models illuminate the type and quantity of data that are required to test the hypotheses. Better data, in turn, permit the development of better and more complete models and new hypotheses.”

The data needed for water resources are: hydrometeorologic, geomorphologic, agricultural, pedologic, geologic, and hydrologic. Hydrometeorologic data include rainfall, snowfall, temperature, radiation, humidity, vapor pressure, sunshine hours, wind velocity, and pan evaporation. Agricultural data include vegetative cover, land use, treatment, and fertilizer application. Pedologic data include soil type, texture and structure; soil condition; soil particle size; porosity; moisture content and capillary pressure; steady-state infiltration saturated hydraulic conductivity, and antecedent moisture content. Geologic data include data on stratigraphy, lithology, and structural controls. More specifically, data on the type, depth and areal extent of aquifers are needed. Depending on the nature of aquifers these data requirements vary. For confined aquifers, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity storativity, compressibility, and porosity are needed. For unconfined aquifers, data on specific yield, specific storage, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, water table, and recharge are needed. Each data set is examined with respect to homogeneity, completeness, and accuracy. Geomorphologic data include topographic maps showing elevation contours, river networks, drainage areas, slopes and slope lengths, and watershed area. Hydrologic data include flow depth, streamflow discharge, base flow, interflow, stream-aquifer mteraction, potential, water table, and drawdowns. Thus, for a water resources study, one needs data of a number of variables in the vertical as well as horizontal planes.

The activities of a hydrological service are shown in Fig. 2.1. The term hydrological data processing is a widely used but loosely defined term that includes a range of activities varying from simple analysis to complete modeling. The processing of hydrological data is a multi-step process that begins with a preliminary checking of raw data in the field and successively higher levels of validation before it is accepted as fully validated data for further use. The passage of data from field to data storage is also not a one-way process and includes several feedbacks. Sometimes, channels for feedback from data users are also maintained. Actually, processing and validation of hydrological data are not a purely statistical exercise – these require an understanding of field practices, the principles of observation, and the physics of the hydrological variable being measured.

Fig. 2.1 Activities of a hydrological service [adapted from WMO (1994)].

Data processing also includes aggregation of data observed at a certain time interval to a different interval, e.g., hourly to daily and daily to monthly. Occasionally disaggregation, i.e., conversion from a long (say daily) to short (say, hourly) time step is also carried out. The computation of areal averages, for example, catchment rainfall, is also required for validation. This also provides a convenient means for summarizing large volumes of data.

Typical stages in water resources data processing are:

• Scrutiny of raw data;

• data entry to computer, validation, and correction; and

• data archival and dissemination.

In view of the central role of water resources data in planning, design, and management of water resources projects, this chapter is devoted to basic concepts of data acquisition, processing, storage, and dissemination. Some of the latest techniques of data acquisition are also discussed.

2.1 TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES DATA

There are several ways to classify water resources data. The most common way is to classify the data into three categories: time-oriented data, space-oriented data, and relation-oriented data.

The time-oriented or time-series data consist of hydrometeorological, water quantity, and water quality data that are periodically measured at a station. The time interval between observations can be constant or varying. The examples of such types of data are rainfall, river stage, and sediment concentration. Some surface water data are equally spaced in time. The space oriented data comprise topographic maps of catchments, river networks, soil maps, etc. Traditionally, such data are stored in the form of paper maps and manually analyzed. The recent trend is to use a Geographical Information System (GIS) to input, store and analyze such data. As described in detail in Section 3.3 in Chapter 3, different types of information, such as topographical and land use of an area, are stored in a GIS in different layers of a map which can be overlaid and analyzed. The relation-oriented data consist of mathematical relationships between two or more variables. Typical examples are river rating curves or a spillway rating table.

The water resources data can also be classified as time vaiying or time non-varying data. The time non-varying or static data includes most space-oriented data which do not change with time, for example catchment topographic map, soil map, etc. Some features, such as river network and land use in a catchment, might gradually change with time and can be considered as semi-static. A brief description of each type of data is presented in what follows.

2.1.1 Time-Oriented Data

The values of most hydrometeorological and water quality variables change in time and such variables are classified as time-oriented data. These data can be further classified as meteorological data, hydrological data, and water quality data.

The time-series data include all the measurements which have an observation time associated with them and most water resources data have this property. The variable could be an instantaneous value, e.g., water level in a river; an accumulated value, e.g., daily rainfall; an averaged value, e.g., mean daily discharge; or a statistic over a specified time period, e.g., annual maximum flow. The distinction between instantaneous and accumulative values is important when the data are further processed.

Depending on the frequency of observations, the time-series data can also be classified as:

• Equidistant time-series are measurements which are made at regular intervals of time (hourly, daily); the values may be instantaneous, accumulated or averaged.

• Cyclic time-series are the measurements which are made at irregular intervals of time but the irregular time sequence is repeated regularly, for example, the observation of river stage daily at 08:30 and 17:30 hrs.

• Non-equidistant time-series are the measurements which are made when some specified event takes place. For example, in a tipping bucket raingage, each tip of the bucket is recorded after a certain depth of rain has fallen.

The two most important data for hydrological analysis are precipitation and streamflow. The measurement and processing of these two will be discussed in greater detail. The time-series of evaporation data forms another important input in hydrological studies. The temperature of air, soil and water bodies is important as many processes depend on it. Other important meteorological variables include humidity, wind speed and direction, and sunshine duration.

2.1.2 Space-Oriented Data

The space-oriented data comprise of catchment data (physical and morphological characteristics), river data (cross-sections, profile, bed characteristics), and lake or reservoir data (elevation-area-storage capacity). These have been further discussed in Section...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.9.2003
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-054369-3 / 0080543693
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-054369-7 / 9780080543697