Neurosteroids and Brain Function (eBook)

Giovanni Biggio, Robert H. Purdy (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2001 | 1. Auflage
208 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-054423-6 (ISBN)

Infos

International Review of Neurobiology, Volume 46 presents in-depth reviews on such ground-breaking topics as assembly and intracellular trafficking of GABA A receptors, D-1 dopamine receptors, and Alzheimer's disease. This series offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date information available and is a must for anyone in the field. - Includes a historical overview of neurosteroid research - Contains a chapter on neurosteroid biosynthesis and regulation - Presents current methods of neurosteroid measurement and analysis - Discusses neurosteroid function in both the normal and the pathological brain - Chapters address the function of neurosteroid in: Stress, Receptor plasticity and function, Learning and Memory, Alcohol use, Depression

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 14
Preface 18
Chapter 1. Neurosteroids: Beginning of the Story 22
I. Introduction 23
II. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Neurosteroids: Related Behavioral Effects 28
III. Receptors and Related Activities of Neurosteroids 34
IV. Conclusions 46
References 47
Chapter 2. Biosynthesis of Neurosteroids and Regulation of Their Synthesis 54
I. What Is a Neurosteroid? 55
II. Enzymes Involved in Neurosteroidogenesis: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 56
III. Enzymes Involved in Neurosteroidogenesis: Distribution in the Brain and Developmental Regulation 70
IV. Regulation of Neurosteroidogenic Enzymes 82
V. Conclusions 86
References 87
Chapter 3. Neurosteroid 7-Hydroxylation Products in the Brain 100
I. Neurosteroid Metabolism in the Brain 100
II. 7a-Hydroxylation Studies in the Brain 102
III. 7ß-Hydroxylation Studies in the Brain 104
IV. 7a-Hydroxy-DHEA and 7ß-Hydroxy-DHEA as Native Anti-glucocorticoids 105
V. The Brain and Other Organs 109
VI. Sex Steroid Metabolism in the Brain 111
VII. Conclusions 113
References 113
Chapter 4. Neurosteroid Analysis 118
I. Introduction 119
II. Analysis of Neurosteroids by Radioimmunoassay 120
III. Analysis of Neurosteroids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 120
IV. Analysis of Unconjugated Neurosteroids by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 121
V. Derivatization of Neurosteroids 124
VI. Gas Chromatography Columns for Separation of Neurosteroid Derivatives 127
VII. Isotopic Dilution for Quantitative Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 128
VIII. Data Acquisition Modes in Mass Spectrometry 128
IX. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry 129
X. Analysis of Neurosteroid Sulfates by Mass Spectrometry 129
XI. Analysis of Sulfated Steroids by Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometry 130
XII. Analysis of Steroid Sulfates by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry 132
XIII. Thermospray Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 132
XIV. Future Analysis of Neurosteroid Sulfates 132
XV. Conclusions 133
References 133
Chapter 5. Role of the Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor in Adrenal and Brain Steroidogenesis 138
I. Introduction 139
II. Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor 139
III. Structure of the PBR Complex 141
IV. Role of the PBR in Steroidogenesis 145
V. The PBR in Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis 149
VI. Role of the PBR in Brain Neurosteroid Biosynthesis 152
VII. Role of the PBR in Pathology 155
VIII. Other Proteins Involved in the Acute Regulation of Steroidogenesis 156
IX. Conclusions 158
References 158
Chapter 6. Formation and Effects of Neuroactive Steroids in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System 166
I. Introduction 167
II. 5a-Reductase and 3a-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase System 167
III. Effect of Glial–Neuronal Interactions on the Formation of Neuroactive Steroids 174
IV. Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on Glial Cells of the Central Nervous System 176
V. Formation of Neuroactive Steroids in the Peripheral Nervous System 182
VI. Effects of Neuroactive Steroids on the Peripheral Nervous System 183
VII. Conclusions 191
References 191
Chapter 7. Neurosteroid Modulation of Recombinant and Synaptic GABAA Receptors 198
I. Introduction 199
II. Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels and Neurosteroid Selectivity 201
III. Influence of GABAA-Receptor Subunit Composition on Neurosteroid Action 206
IV. Mechanism of Neurosteroid Modulation of GABAA Receptors 209
V. Neurosteroid Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission 211
VI. Structure–Activity Relationships for Steroids at the GABAA Receptor 215
VII. Multiple Steroid Binding Sites on the GABAA Receptor 217
VIII. Conclusions 218
References 220
Chapter 8. GABAA-Receptor Plasticity during Long-Term Exposure to and Withdrawal from Progesterone 228
I. Introduction 229
II. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to PROG and GABAA-Receptor Gene Expression and Function in Vitro 230
III. Effects of PROG Withdrawal on GABAA-Receptor Gene Expression and Function in Vitro 237
IV. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to and Subsequent Withdrawal of PROG in Pseudo-pregnancy 239
V. Effects of Long-Term Exposure to and Subsequent Withdrawal of PROG in Pregnancy 241
VI. Oral Contraceptives and GABAA-Receptor Plasticity 252
VII. Mechanism of the Effect of Long-Term PROG Exposure on GABAA-Receptor Plasticity 255
VIII. Conclusions 256
References 256
Chapter 9. Stress and Neuroactive Steroids 264
I. Stress and GABAA Receptors 265
II. Effect of Stress on Brain Concentrations of Neuroactive Steroids 267
III. Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Stress-Induced Changes in Brain Neurosteroid Concentrations 282
IV. Conclusions 284
References 285
Chapter 10. Neurosteroids in Learning and Memory Processes 294
I. Introduction 295
II. Learning and Memory Processes and Animal Models 296
III. Pharmacological Effects of Neurosteroids 301
IV. Mechanisms of Action 313
V. Physiological Significance 322
VI. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 330
References 333
Chapter 11. Neurosteroids and Behavior 342
I. Introduction 342
II. Anxiety and Stress 343
III. Cognition 349
IV. Aggression 354
V. Sleep, Feeding, and Reinforcement 356
VI. Discriminative Stimulus Effects 358
References 363
Chapter 12. Ethanol and Neurosteroid Interactions in the Brain 370
I. Introduction 370
II. Role of 3a,5a-TH PROG in Ethanol Action 372
III. Role of Neurosteroids in Alcohol Reinforcement 380
IV. Role of Neurosteroids in Ethanol Tolerance 382
V. Role of Neurosteroids in Ethanol Dependence 385
VI. Conclusions and Future Directions 390
References 390
Chapter 13. Preclinical Development of Neurosteroids as Neuroprotective Agents for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases 400
I. Neurosteroids and the Brain 401
II. Synthesis of Central Nervous System Neurosteroids 401
III. Receptor Signaling Pathways 402
IV. Neurosteroids and Central Nervous System Plasticity 405
V. Neurosteroids and Neuroprotection 405
VI. Conclusions 412
References 412
Chapter 14. Clinical Implications of Circulating Neurosteroids 420
I. Introduction 420
II. Changes and Possible Role of Neurosteroids in Humans 423
References 435
Chapter 15. Neuroactive Steroids and Central Nervous System Disorders 442
I. Neuroactive Steroids and the Central Nervous System 443
II. Concentrations of Neuroactive Steroids in the Brain 446
III. Sensory–Motor and Cognitive Function 449
IV. Estrogen and Alzheimer’s Disease 450
V. Neuroactive Steroids and Menstrual-Cycle-Linked Mood Changes 451
VI. Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives 456
VII. Neuroactive Steroids and Menopause 457
VIII. Side Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy 460
IX. Neuroactive Steroids and Epilepsy 462
References 469
Chapter 16. Neuroactive Steroids in Neuropsychopharmacology 482
I. Introduction 483
II. Sources and Biosynthesis of Neuroactive Steroids 484
III. Steroid Modulation of GABAA Receptors 486
IV. Steroid Modulation of Other Neurotransmitter Receptors 487
V. A Putative Specific Steroid-Binding Site on Ligand-Gated Ion Channels 489
VI. Genomic Effects of Neuroactive Steroids 490
VII. Neuropsychopharmacological Properties of Neuroactive Steroids 491
VIII. Modulation of Endogenous Neuroactive Steroids as a Pharmacological Principle 492
IX. Outlook 493
References 495
Chapter 17. Current Perspectives on the Role of Neurosteroids in PMS and Depression 500
I. Introduction 500
II. Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual (Late Luteal) Dysphoric Disorder 501
III. Allopregnanolone and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 502
IV. Biosynthesis of Allopregnanolone 504
V. SSRIs in the Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Modulation of Neurosteroid Levels 506
VI. SSRIs, Neurosteroids, and Depression 508
VII. Conclusions 510
References 510
Index 514

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.12.2001
• Mitarbeit: Herausgeber (Serie): Ronald J. Bradley, R. Adron Harris, Peter Jenner
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Neurologie
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-054423-1 / 0080544231
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-054423-6 / 9780080544236