Particles at Fluid Interfaces and Membranes (eBook)
668 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-053847-1 (ISBN)
The first six chapters give a concise but informative introduction to the basic knowledge in surface and colloid science, which includes both traditional concepts and some recent results. Chapters 1 and 2 are devoted to the basic theory of capillarity, kinetics of surfactant adsorption, shapes of axisymmetric fluid interfaces, contact angles and line tension. Chapters 3 and 4 present a generalization of the theory of capillarity to the case, in which the variation of the interfacial (membrane) curvature contributes to the total energy of the system. The generalized Laplace equation is applied to determine the configurations of free and adherent biological cells. Chapters 5 and 6 are focused on the role of thin liquid films and hydrodynamic factors in the attachment of solid and fluid particles to an interface. Surface forces of various physical nature are presented and their relative importance is discussed. Hydrodynamic interactions of a colloidal particle with an interface (or another particle) are also considered.
Chapters 7 to 10 are devoted to the theoretical foundation of various kinds of capillary forces. When two particles are attached to the same interface (membrane), capillary interactions, mediated by the interface or membrane, appear between them. Two major kinds of capillary interactions are described: (i) capillary immersion force related to the surface wettability (Chapter 7), (ii) capillary flotation force originating from interfacial deformations due to particle weight (Chapter 8). Special attention is paid to the theory of capillary immersion forces between particles entrapped in spherical liquid films (Chapter 9). A generalization of the theory of immersion forces allows one to describe membrane-mediated interactions between protein inclusions into a lipid bilayer (Chapter 10).
Chapter 11 is devoted to the theory of the capillary bridges and the capillary-bridge forces, whose importance has been recognized in phenomena like consolidation of granules and soils, wetting of powders, capillary condensation, long-range hydrophobic attraction, etc. The nucleation of capillary bridges is also examined.
Chapter 12 considers solid particles, which have an irregular wetting perimeter upon attachment to a fluid interface. The undulated contact line induces interfacial deformations, which engender a special lateral capillary force between the particles. The latter contributes to the dilatational and shear elastic moduli of particulate adsorption monolayers.
Chapter 13 describes how lateral capillary forces, facilitated by convective flows and some specific and non-specific interactions, can lead to the aggregation and ordering of various particles at fluid interfaces or in thin liquid films. Recent results on fabricating two-dimensional (2D) arrays from micrometer and sub-micrometer latex particles, as well as 2D crystals from proteins and protein complexes, are reviewed.
Chapter 14 presents applied aspects of the particle-surface interaction in antifoaming and defoaming. The mechanisms of antifoaming action involve as a necessary step the entering of an antifoam particle at the air-water interface. The considered mechanisms indicate the factors for control of foaminess.
In the small world of micrometer to nanometer scale many natural and industrial processes include attachment of colloid particles (solid spheres, liquid droplets, gas bubbles or protein macromolecules) to fluid interfaces and their confinement in liquid films. This may lead to the appearance of lateral interactions between particles at interfaces, or between inclusions in phospholipid membranes, followed eventually by the formation of two-dimensional ordered arrays. The book is devoted to the description of such processes, their consecutive stages, and to the investigation of the underlying physico-chemical mechanisms. The first six chapters give a concise but informative introduction to the basic knowledge in surface and colloid science, which includes both traditional concepts and some recent results. Chapters 1 and 2 are devoted to the basic theory of capillarity, kinetics of surfactant adsorption, shapes of axisymmetric fluid interfaces, contact angles and line tension. Chapters 3 and 4 present a generalization of the theory of capillarity to the case, in which the variation of the interfacial (membrane) curvature contributes to the total energy of the system. The generalized Laplace equation is applied to determine the configurations of free and adherent biological cells. Chapters 5 and 6 are focused on the role of thin liquid films and hydrodynamic factors in the attachment of solid and fluid particles to an interface. Surface forces of various physical nature are presented and their relative importance is discussed. Hydrodynamic interactions of a colloidal particle with an interface (or another particle) are also considered.Chapters 7 to 10 are devoted to the theoretical foundation of various kinds of capillary forces. When two particles are attached to the same interface (membrane), capillary interactions, mediated by the interface or membrane, appear between them. Two major kinds of capillary interactions are described: (i) capillary immersion force related to the surface wettability (Chapter 7), (ii) capillary flotation force originating from interfacial deformations due to particle weight (Chapter 8). Special attention is paid to the theory of capillary immersion forces between particles entrapped in spherical liquid films (Chapter 9). A generalization of the theory of immersion forces allows one to describe membrane-mediated interactions between protein inclusions into a lipid bilayer (Chapter 10).Chapter 11 is devoted to the theory of the capillary bridges and the capillary-bridge forces, whose importance has been recognized in phenomena like consolidation of granules and soils, wetting of powders, capillary condensation, long-range hydrophobic attraction, etc. The nucleation of capillary bridges is also examined.Chapter 12 considers solid particles, which have an irregular wetting perimeter upon attachment to a fluid interface. The undulated contact line induces interfacial deformations, which engender a special lateral capillary force between the particles. The latter contributes to the dilatational and shear elastic moduli of particulate adsorption monolayers.Chapter 13 describes how lateral capillary forces, facilitated by convective flows and some specific and non-specific interactions, can lead to the aggregation and ordering of various particles at fluid interfaces or in thin liquid films. Recent results on fabricating two-dimensional (2D) arrays from micrometer and sub-micrometer latex particles, as well as 2D crystals from proteins and protein complexes, are reviewed. Chapter 14 presents applied aspects of the particle-surface interaction in antifoaming and defoaming. The mechanisms of antifoaming action involve as a necessary step the entering of an antifoam particle at the air-water interface. The considered mechanisms indicate the factors for control of foaminess.
Cover 1
Contents 10
Preface 6
Chapter 1. Planar Fluid Interfaces 16
1.1. Mechanical properties of fluid interfaces 17
1.2. Thermodynamical properties of planar fluid interfaces 27
1.3. Kinetics of surfactant adsorption 52
1.4. Summary 71
1.5. References 73
Chapter 2. Interfaces of Moderate Curvature: Theory of Capillarity 79
2.1. The Laplace equation of capillarity 80
2.2. Axisymmetric fluid interfaces 86
2.3. Force balance at a three-phase-contact line 95
2.4. Summary 112
2.5. References 114
Chapter 3. Surface Bending Moment and Curvature Elastic Moduli 120
3.1. Basic thermodynamic equations for curved interfaces 121
3.2. Thermodynamics of spherical interfaces 127
3.3. Relations with the molecular theory and the experiment 138
3.4. Summary 147
3.5. References 148
Chapter 4. General Curved Interfaces and Biomembranes 152
4.1. Theoretical approaches for description of curved interfaces 153
4.2. Mechanical approach to arbitrarily curved interfaces 155
4.3. Connection between the mechanical and thermodynamical approaches 166
4.4. Axisymmetric shapes of biological cells 177
4.5. Micromechanical expressions for the surface properties 183
4.6. Summary 193
4.7. References 194
Chapter 5. Liquid Films and Interactions Between Particle and Surface 198
5.1. Mechanical balances and thermodynamic relationships 199
5.2. Interactions in thin liquid films 216
5.3. Summary 255
5.4. References 256
Chapter 6. Particles at Interfaces: Deformations and Hydrodynamic Interactions 263
6.1. Deformation of fluid particles approaching an interface 264
6.2. Hydrodynamic interactions 273
6.3. Detachment of oil drops from a solid surface 283
6.4. Summary 297
6.5. References 299
Chapter 7. Lateral Capillary Forces Between Partially Immersed Bodies 302
7.1. Physical origin of the lateral capillary forces 303
7.2. Shape of the capillary meniscus around two axisymmetric bodies 323
7.3. Energy approach to the lateral capillary interactions 331
7.4. Force approach to the lateral capillary interactions 349
7.5. Summary 360
7.6. References 366
Chapter 8. Lateral Capillary Forces Between Floating Particles 366
8.1. Interaction between two floating particles 367
8.2. Particle-wall interaction: capillary image forces 382
8.3. Summary 407
8.4. References 409
Chapter 9. Capillary Forces Between Particles Bound to a Spherical Interface 411
9.1. Origin of the "capillary charge" in the case of spherical interface 412
9.2. Interfacial shape around inclusions in a spherical film 416
9.3. Calculation of the lateral capillary force 427
9.4. Summary 437
9.5. References 439
Chapter 10. Mechanics of Lipid Membranes and Interaction Between Inclusions 441
10.1. Deformations in a lipid membrane due to the presence of inclusions 442
10.2. "Sandwich" model of a lipid bilayer 445
10.3. Description of membrane deformations caused by inclusions 459
10.4. Lateral interaction between two identical inclusions 469
10.5. Numerical results for membrane proteins 475
10.6. Summary 478
10.7. References 480
Chapter 11. Capillary Bridges and Capillary Bridge Forces 484
11.1. Role of the capillary bridges in various processes and phenomena 485
11.2. Definition and magnitude of the capillary bridge force 487
11.3. Geometrical and physical properties of capillary bridges 492
11.4. Nucleation of capillary bridges 507
11.5. Summary 513
11.6. References 514
Chapter 12. Capillary Forces Between Particles of Irregular Contact Line 518
12.1. Surface corrugations and interaction between two particles 520
12.2. Elastic properties of particulate adsorption monolayers 527
12.3. Summary 530
12.4. References 531
Chapter 13. Two-Dimensional Crystallization of Particulates and Proteins 532
13.1. Methods for obtaining 2D arrays from microscopic particles 533
13.2. 2D crystallization of proteins on the surface of mercury 545
13.3. Dynamics of 2D crystallization in evaporating liquid films 550
13.4. Liquid substrates for 2D array formation 565
13.5. Size separation of colloidal particles during 2D crystallization 571
13.6. Methods for obtaining large 2D-crystalline coatings 576
13.7. 2D crystallization of particles in free foam films 581
13.8. Application of 2D arrays from colloid particles and proteins 587
13.9. Summary 595
13.10. References 597
Chapter 14. Effect of Oil Drops and Particulates on the Stability of Foams 606
14.1. Foam-breaking action of microscopic particles 607
14.2. Mechanisms of foam-breaking action of oil drops and particles 617
14.3. Stability of asymmetric films: the key for control of foaminess 632
14.4. Summary and conclusions 641
14.5. References 643
Appendix 1A: Equivalence of the two forms of the Gibbs adsorption equation 648
Appendix 8A: Derivation of equation (8.31) 650
Appendix 10A: Connections between two models of lipid membranes 651
Index 656
Notation 666
Preface
Peter A. Kralchevsky; Kuniaki Nagayama
In the small world of micrometer to nanometer scale many natural and industrial processes include attachment of colloid particles (solid spheres, liquid droplets, gas bubbles or protein macromolecules) to fluid interfaces and their confinement in liquid films. This may lead to the appearance of lateral interactions between particles at interfaces, or between inclusions in phospholipid membranes, followed eventually by the formation of two-dimensional ordered arrays. The present book is devoted to the description of such processes, their consecutive stages, and to the investigation of the underlying physico-chemical mechanisms.
For each specific theme the physical background is first given, that is the available experimental facts and their interpretation in terms of relatively simple theoretical models are presented. Further, the interested reader may find a more detailed theoretical description and review of the related literature.
The first six chapters give a concise but informative introduction to the basic knowledge in surface and colloid science, which includes both traditional concepts and some recent results.
Chapters 1 and 2 are devoted to the basic theory of capillarity, kinetics of surfactant adsorption, shapes of axisymmetric fluid interfaces, contact angles and line tension.
Chapters 3 and 4 present a generalization of the theory of capillarity to the case, in which the variation of the interfacial (membrane) curvature contributes to the total energy of the system. Phenomenological and molecular approaches to the description of the interfacial bending moment, the curvature elastic moduli and the spontaneous curvature are presented. The generalized Laplace equation, which accounts for the latter effects, is derived and applied to determine the configurations of free and adherent biological cells; a convenient computational procedure is proposed.
Chapters 5 and 6 are focused on the role of thin liquid films and hydrodynamic factors in the attachment of solid and fluid particles to an interface. The particles stick or rebound depending on whether repulsive or attractive surface forces prevail in the liquid film. Surface forces of various physical nature are presented and their relative importance is discussed. In addition, we consider the hydrodynamic interactions of a colloidal particle with an interface (or another particle), which are due to flows in the surrounding viscous liquid. Factors and mechanisms for detachment of oil drops from a solid surface are discussed in relation to washing.
Chapters 7 to 10 are devoted to the theoretical foundation of various kinds of capillary forces. When two particles are attached to the same interface (membrane), capillary interactions, mediated by the interface or membrane, may appear between them. Two major kinds of capillary interactions are described: (i) capillary immersion force related to the surface wettability and the particle confinement into a liquid film (Chapter 7), (ii) capillary flotation force originating from interfacial deformations due to particle weight (Chapter 8). Special attention is paid to the theory of capillary immersion forces between particles entrapped in spherical liquid films (Chapter 9). A generalization of the theory of immersion forces allows one to describe membrane-mediated interactions between protein inclusions into a lipid bilayer (Chapter 10).
Chapter 11 is devoted to the theory of the capillary bridges and the capillary-bridge forces, whose importance has been recognized in phenomena like consolidation of granules and soils, wetting of powders, capillary condensation, long-range hydrophobic attraction, bridging in the atomic-force-microscope measurements, etc. The treatment is similar for liquid-in-gas and gas- in-liquid bridges. The nucleation of capillary bridges, which occurs when the distance between two surfaces is smaller than a certain limiting value, is also considered.
Chapter 12 considers solid particles, which have an irregular wetting perimeter upon attachment to a fluid interface. The undulated contact line induces interfacial deformations, which are theoretically found to engender a special lateral capillary force between the particles. Expressions for the dilatational and shear elastic moduli of such particulate adsorption monolayers are derived.
Chapter 13 describes how lateral capillary forces, facilitated by convective flows and some specific and non-specific interactions, can lead to the aggregation and ordering of various particles at fluid interfaces or in thin liquid films. Recent results on fabricating twodimensional (2D) arrays from micrometer and sub-micrometer latex particles, as well as 2D crystals from proteins and protein complexes are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the methods for producing ordered 2D arrays in relation to their physical mechanisms and driving forces. A review and discussion is given about the various applications of particulate 2D arrays in optics, optoelectronics, nano-lithography, microcontact printing, catalytic films and solar cells, as well as the use of protein 2D crystals for immunosensors and isoporous ultrafiltration membranes, etc.
Chapter 14 presents applied aspects of the particle-surface interaction in antifoaming and defoaming. Three different mechanisms of antifoaming action are described: spreading mechanism, bridging-dewetting and bridging-stretching mechanism. All of them involve as a necessary step the entering of an antifoam particle at the air-water interface, which is equivalent to rupture of the asymmetric particle-water-air film. Consequently, the stability of the latter liquid film is a key factor for control of foaminess.
The audience of the book is determined by the circle of readers who are interested in systems, processes and phenomena related to attachment, interactions and ordering of particles at interfaces and lipid membranes. Examples for such systems, processes and phenomena are: formation of 2D ordered arrays of particulates and proteins with various applications: from optics and microelectronics to molecular biology and cell morphology; antifoaming and defoaming action of solid particles and/or oil drops in house-hold and personal-care detergency, as well as in separation processes; stabilization of emulsions by solid particles with application in food and petroleum industries; interactions between particulates in paint films; micro-manipulation of biological cells in liquid films, etc.
Consequently, the book could be a useful reading for university and industrial scientists, lecturers, graduate and post-graduate students in chemical physics, surface and colloid science, biophysics, protein engineering and cell biology.
Prehistory. An essential portion of this book, Chapters 7–10 and 13, summarizes results and research developments stemming from the Nagayama Protein Array Project (October 1990 – September 1995), which was a part of the program “Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology” (ERATO) of the Japanese Research and Development Corporation (presently Japan Science and Technology Corporation). The major goal of this project was formulated as follows: Based on the molecular assembly of proteins, to fabricate macroscopic structures (2D protein arrays), which could be useful in human practice. The Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Physicochemical Hydrodynamics (presently lab. of Chemical Physics and Engineering) from the University of Sofia, Bulgaria, was involved in this project with the task to investigate the mechanism of 2D structuring in comparative experiments with colloid particles and protein macromolecules. These joint studies revealed the role of the capillary immersion forces and convective fluxes of evaporating solvent in the 2D ordering. In the course of this project it became clear that the knowledge of surface and colloid science was a useful background for the studies on 2D crystallization of proteins. For that reason, in 1992 one of the authors of this book (K. Nagayama) invited the other author (P. Kralchevsky) to come to Tsukuba and to deliver a course of lectures for the project team-members entitled: “Interfacial Phenomena and Dispersions: toward Understanding of Protein and Colloid Arrays”. In fact, this course gave a preliminary selection and systematization of the material included in the introductory chapters of this book (Chapters 1 to 6). Later, after the end of the project, the authors came to the idea to prepare a book, which is to summarize and present the accumulated results, together with the underlying physicochemical background. In the course of work, the scope of the book was broadened to a wider audience, and the material was updated with more reccnt results. The major part of the book was written during an 8-month stay of P. Kralchevsky in the laboratory of K. Nagayama in the National Institute for Physiological Sciences in Okazaki, Japan (September 1998 – April 1999). The present book resulted from a further upgrade, polishing and updating of the text.
Acknowledgments. The authors are indebted to the Editor of this series, Dr. Habil. Reinhard Miller, and to Prof. Ivan B. Ivanov for their moral support and encouragement of the work on the book, as well as to Profs. Krassimir Danov and Nikolai Denkov for their expert reading and discussion of Chapters 1 and 14, respectively. We are also much indebted to our associates, Dr. Radostin...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 22.1.2001 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Strömungsmechanik | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-08-053847-9 / 0080538479 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-053847-1 / 9780080538471 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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