Hydrocarbons (eBook)

eBook Download: PDF

2011 | 1. Auflage
590 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-087064-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Hydrocarbons

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Marine Environmental Pollution, 1: Hydrocarbons 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 16
DEDICATION 6
PREFACE 8
GLOSSARY 12
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 14
INTRODUCTION 24
Common denominator questions 27
Conclusions 40
Section A – By Nature 42
CHAPTER 1. OIL ECOLOGY 44
Introduction 44
Hydrocarbons – Pollution aspects 46
Oil spills 50
Hydrocarbons – Degradation 52
Effects of hydrocarbons on living systems 53
Effects of hydrocarbons from laboratory experiments 55
Conclusions 57
CHAPTER 2. NATURALLY OCCURRING HYDROCARBONS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO AND CARIBBEAN SEA 60
Introduction 60
Seeps in the Gulf of Mexico 63
Methods used to study seeps in the Gulf of Mexico 67
Relationship of currents to the distribution of tars on Texas beaches 73
Pelagic tar distribution in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea 85
Chemical properties of bottom tars from the Gulf of Mexico 94
Tars on Texas beaches 96
Comparative chemistry of beach tars 103
Coastal and river runoff contributions to hydrocarbons in the Gulf 122
Conclusions 127
Acknowledgements 128
CHAPTER 3. SOURCES OF BIOGENIC METHANE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO 130
Introduction 130
Bacterial processes 131
Inputs of methane to Gulf waters 140
Distribution of methane in Gulf waters 148
Conclusions 153
CHAPTER 4. GASEOUS AND VOLATILE LIQUID HYDROCARBONS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT WITH EMPHASIS ON THE GULF OF MEXICO 156
Introduction 156
Procedures and sampling 158
Results and discussion of distributions 161
Summary and conclusions 182
Acknowledgements 184
CHAPTER 5. PETROLEUM RESIDUES IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 186
Introduction 186
Formation of tars 186
Pelagic tar lumps 188
Measurement of pelagic tar concentrations 189
Pelagic tar concentrations 190
Tar suspended in water column 193
Tar in bottom sediments 193
Tar on beaches 196
Fingerprinting methods for oil residues 198
Analyses of pelagic tars 199
Analyses of beach tars 200
Conclusions 201
CHAPTER 6. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN SURFICAL BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO 204
Introduction 204
Materials and methods 204
Results 207
Conclusions 227
Acknowledgements 227
CHAPTER 7. BIOTA NEAR NATURAL MARINE HYDROCARBON SEEPS IN THE WESTERN GULF OF MEXICO 230
Introduction 230
Literature review 230
Physiography of Tamiahua lagoon 232
Methods 234
Results 234
Conclusions 249
Acknowledgements 251
CHAPTER 8. ECOLOGY OF A SUBMARINE PETROLEUM SEEP OFF THE CALIFORNIA COAST 252
Introduction 252
The seep environment in the Santa Barbara Channel 253
Community studies 257
Organic enrichment hypothesis 272
Adaptation hypothesis 276
Environmental toxicity hypothesis 279
Petroleum in the seep environment 279
Discussion 282
Acknowledgements 286
CHAPTER 9. DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON-OXIDIZING BACTERIA ON THE GEORGIA SHELF AREA AND OIL-DEGRADING ACTIVITIES 288
Introduction 288
Materials and methods 288
Results 291
Discussion 301
Conclusions 313
Acknowledgements 313
CHAPTER 10. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF A NATURAL BRINE SEEP AT THE EAST FLOWER GARDEN BANK NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO 314
Introduction 314
Methods 320
Description, dynamics and origin of seep 320
Sulfuretum 326
Soft-bottom macrobenthos adjacent to the seep 329
Reef biota adjacent to the seep 332
Fishes 336
Conclusions 337
Acknowledgements 339
Section B – By Man 340
CHAPTER 11. WORLDWIDE STATUS OF RESEARCH ON FATE AND EFFECT OF OIL IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 342
Introduction 342
Worldwide summary 347
Analysis by individual country/region 349
A.P.I. and other multicompany-sponsored projects 353
Conclusions based on present state of knowledge 356
Sources of information and Acknowledgements 358
Appendix 358
CHAPTER 12. PROCESSES AFFECTING THE FATE OF OIL IN THE SEA 360
Introduction 360
Fate of oil in slicks 360
Fate of oil in water 364
Fate of oil in sediments 369
Conclusions and Summary 373
Acknowledgement 374
CHAPTER 13. OIL POLLUTION IN ICE-COVERED ARCTIC WATERS 376
Introduction 376
Risks and environmental hazards 378
Species, habitats and biological processes sensitive to offshore petroleum development 383
Resilience of arctic ecosystems 385
Spills, transport and effects of oil 387
Effects of pollutants on the food chain 390
Conclusions 391
Acknowledgements 392
CHAPTER 14. EFFECTS OF OIL AND GAS DRILLING OPERATIONS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 394
Introduction 394
Drilling operations 395
Dispersion and dilution of discharged drilling fluids and cuttings 404
Biological effects 422
Summary and Conclusions 433
CHAPTER 15. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF DRILLING MUDS AND CUTTINGS FROM OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS IN OFFSHORE AND COASTAL WATERS 436
Introduction 436
Functions of drilling muds 436
Mud properties 437
Lignosulfonate muds 438
Observations of mud and cuttings discharges 439
Bulk mud disposal 447
Comparison of well discharges with river and shelf sediment transport 452
Long-term effects 453
Conclusions 454
CHAPTER 16. EFFECTS OF DRILLING MUD ON SEVEN SPECIES OF REEF- BUILDING CORALS AS MEASURED IN THE FIELD AND LABORATORY 456
Introduction 456
Materials and methods 457
Results by species 462
Discussion 473
Application of results 474
Conclusions 476
Acknowledgements 476
CHAPTER 17. EFFECTS OF DRILLING MUD ON THE GROWTH RATE OF THE REEF-BUILDING CORAL MONTASTREA ANNULARIS 478
Introduction 478
Field study No. 1 – Short-term exposure of Montastrea annularis to drilling mud 478
Field study No. 2 – Long-term growth study of Montastrea annularis from East Flower Garden Bank 482
Discussion 484
Conclusions 488
Acknowledgements 493
CHAPTER 18. DRILLING MUD PLUMES FROM OFFSHORE DRILLING OPERATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CORAL SURVIVAL 494
Introduction 494
Methods 496
Analytical methods 503
Results and Discussion 506
Environmental implications 513
Conclusions 518
Acknowledgements 518
CHAPTER 19. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS ON THE “SANSINENA” EXPLOSION AND BUNCER C SPILL IN LOS ANGELES HARBOR, DECEMBER 1976 520
Introduction 520
Results 524
Discussion and Conclusions 551
Acknowledgements 552
REFERENCES 554
INDEX 592

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 22.8.2011
• Mitarbeit: Herausgeber (Serie): Richard A. Geyer
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geophysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-087064-3 / 0080870643
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-087064-9 / 9780080870649