Acquisition of Logging Data (eBook)

Part A

eBook Download: PDF

1984 | 1. Auflage
422 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-086869-1 (ISBN)

Infos

The Acquisition of Logging Data

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Fundamentals of Well–log Interpretation 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
Preface 6
Foreword to the French edition 8
Foreword to the English edition 9
Chapter 1. Review of basic concepts 14
1.1. The definition of a " well-log'' 14
1.2. The importance of well-logs 14
1.3. The definition of rock composition 15
1.4. Rock texture and structure 24
1.5. Conclusions 37
1.6. References 37
Chapter 2. Logging techniques and measurements 42
2.1. Classification of log measurements 42
2.2. Problems specific to well-log measurements 43
2.3. Loggng equipment–surface and downhole 50
2.4. Log presentation 60
2.5. Repeatability and calibrations 63
2.6. Data transmission 63
2.7. References 63
Chapter 3. The measurement of resistivity 64
3.1. Introduction 64
3.2. Non-focused long-spacing tools 64
3.3. Focused long-spacing tools 70
3.4. Non-focused microtools: the microlog (ML) 84
3.5. Focused microtools 85
3.6. Conclusions 87
3.7. References 89
Chapter 4. The spontaneous potential—SP 90
4.1. The origin of the electrokinetic potential 90
4.2. The origin of the electrochemical potential 92
4.3. Ionic activity concentration and resistivity 93
4.4. The static SP 94
4.5. Amplitude and shape of SP peaks 95
4.6. Geology and the SP 99
4.7. Applications 101
4.8. References 101
Chapter 5. An introduction to nuclear logs 102
5.1. Definition 102
5.2. Recording capability 102
5.3. Statistical variations 102
5.4. Dead-time 103
5.5. Logging speed 104
5.6. Bed thickness 104
5.7. Measuring point 106
5.8. References 106
Chapter 6. Measurement of the nature1 gamma radioactivity 108
6.1. Definition natural radioactivity 108
6.2. Basic concepts 108
6.3. The origin of natural radioactivity in rocks 112
6.4. Minerals and rocks containing radioactive elements 112
6.5. Measurement of gamma radiation 119
6.6. Measuring point 121
6.7. Radius of investigation 121
6.8. Vertical definition 122
6.9. Factors affecting the gamma-ray response 122
6.10. Applications 124
6.11. Calibration 124
6.12. References 124
Chapter 7. Natural gamma-ray spectrometry 126
7.1. Principles 126
7.2. Tool description 127
7.3. Detector 127
7.4. Calibration 129
7.5. Radius of investigation 132
7.6. Fundamental factors influencing the measurement 132
7.7. Computation of Th U and K content 133
7.8. Filtering 133
7.9. Applications 134
7.10. Environmental and other effects 145
7.11. References 146
Chapter 8. Neutron logs 148
8.1. General 148
8.2. Measurement of the apparent hydrogen index 148
8.3. References 162
Chapter 9. Induced gamma-ray spectrometry 164
9.1. Early capture gamma-ray spectrometry– the chlorine log 164
9.2. Modern induced gamma-ray techniques–inelastic and capture spectrometry 168
9.3. References 185
Chapter 10. Thermal decay time measurements 188
10.1. Background theory 188
10.2. Tool principle 188
10.3. Neutron source 194
10.4. Detectors 195
10.5. Spacing 195
10.6. Units 195
10.7. Calibration (see Appendix 5) 195
10.8. Measure points 195
10.9. Vertical resolution 195
10.10. Depth of investigation 195
10.11. Factors influencing the Z measurement 196
10.12. Environmental effects 200
10.13. Geological factors affecting the Z measurement 202
10.14. Porosity and gas indication 203
10.15. Applications 203
10.16. References 205
Chapter 11. Formation density measurements (the gemma-gamma log or density log) 208
11.1. Principle 208
11.2. Absorption equation 209
11.3. The relation between the electronic density and the bulk density 210
11.4. Gamma-ray sources 210
11.5. Detectors 211
11.6. Calibration units 211
11.7. The tools 211
11.8. Depth of investigation 212
11.9. Vertical resolution 212
11.10. Measure point 212
11.11. Fundamental factors influencing the measurement 212
11.12. Interpretation 214
11.13. Environmental effects 214
11.14. Geological factors 215
11.15. Applications 216
11.16. References 216
Chupter 12. Measurement of the mean atomic number (litho-density tool) 218
12.1. Physical principle of the tool 218
12.2. The Schlumberger Litho- density tool (LDT) 221
12.3. Principle of measurement 221
12.4. Radius of investigation 222
12.5. Vertical resolution 222
12.6. Measuring point 222
12.7. Statistical variations 222
12.8. Geological factors which affect the measurements 222
12.9. Environmental effects on the measurements 223
12.10. Applications 224
12.11. References 225
Chapter 13. Acoustic log generalities–fundamentals 226
13.1. Acoustic signals 226
13.2. Acoustic waves 226
13.3. Elastic properties of rocks 228
13.4. Sound wave velocities 229
13.5. Sound wave propagation, reflection and refraction 229
13.6. Acoustic impedance 230
13.7. Reflection coefficient 230
13.8. Wave interference 230
13.9. References 231
Chapter 14. Measurement of the speed of sound (Sonic Log) 232
14.1. Principle 232
14.2. Borehole compensated sonic 236
14.3. Measure point 237
14.4. Depth of investigation 237
14.5. Vertical resolution 237
14.6. Units of measurement 238
14.7. Factors influencing the measurement 238
14.8. Interpretation 241
14.9. Environmental and other effects 243
14.10. Travel time integration 246
14.11. Sonic log rescaling 247
14.12. Applications 248
14.13. Determination of elasticity parameters using logs 249
14.14. References 249
Chapter 15. Measurement of sonic attenuation and amplitude 252
15.1. Theoretical causes of attenuation 252
15.2. Causes of attenuation in the borehole 253
15.3. Measurement of attenuation 255
15.4. An expression for the law of attenuation in open hole 259
15.5. Variable density log (VDL) . 260
15.6. References 263
Chapter 16. Measurement of the propagation time and attenuation rate of an electromagnetic wave (Electromagnetic Propagation Tool, EPT) 264
16.1. Generalities 264
16.2. Basic concepts 264
16.3. Theory of the measurement 264
16.4. Measurement technique 265
16.5. Depth of investigation 267
16.6. Vertical resolution 267
16.7. Environmental factors influencing the response 268
16.8. Interpretation 268
16.9. Geological parameters affecting the measurement 269
16.10. Applications 269
16.11. References 273
Chapter 17. Borehole caliper measurements 274
17.1. Principle 274
17.2. Tools 274
17.3. Geological factors influencing the hole diameter 275
17.4. Applications 275
Chapter 18. Temperature measurements (temperature logs) 276
18.1. Methods of temperature measurement 277
18.2. Applications 280
18.3. References 281
Chapter 19. Dip measurements (dipmeter logs) 282
19.1. Objective 282
19.2. Principle 282
19.3. The measurement process 282
19.4. Dipmeter tools 282
19.5. Use of dipmeter resistivity logs 288
19.6. Results presentation 301
19.7. Treatment of results 308
19.8. Applications 313
19.9. References 314
Chapter 20. Wireline sampling 316
20.1. Rock sampling 316
20.2. Fluid sampling and pressure measurements 317
20.3. References 325
Chapter 21. Other measurements 326
21.1. Borehole televiewer (BHTV) 326
21.2. Vertical seismic profiling (VSP) 327
21.3. Nuclear magnetic log (NML) 331
21.4. References 339
Chapter 22. The place and role of logs in the search for petroleum 340
Appendix 1. List of open hole logging tools and their symbol 344
Appendix 2. Mathematics of manual dip computation 354
Appendix 3. An example of a manual dipmeter calculation 356
Appendix 4. Quick-look method todetermine the dipazimuth 361
Appendix 5. Quality control of log measurements 362
Appendix 5A. Examples of logs with repeat section and calibrations for the most common Schlumberger logs 366
Appendix 5B. CSU calibrations 384
Appendix 6. SI units, SI fundamental and derived units conversion tables 392
Appendix 7. Quantities, their symbols and abbreviations 406
Index and Glossary 424

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 1.3.1984
• Mitarbeit: Herausgeber (Serie): O. Serra
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geophysik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-086869-X / 008086869X
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-086869-1 / 9780080868691