Water at the Surface of Earth (eBook)

An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydrodynamics

David M. Miller (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

1982 | 1. Auflage
557 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-092477-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Water at the Surface of Earth

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Water at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydrodynamics provides an introduction to the ways in which biological, physical, cultural, and urban systems at the surface of the earth operate, with a particular focus on the hydrodynamics of ecosystems, i.e., water and its association with other forms of matter, including pollutants, and with several forms of energy. The chapter sequence in this book follows the downward progress of water from the lower atmosphere, through ecosystems at the earth's surface, through the soil and mantle rock, to the "e;"e;waters under the earth."e;"e; In other words, the book begins with input of water to ecosystems, then describes how it is processed in these systems, and ends with the liquid water yield from them. The book first discusses storms in the atmosphere. These are systems that convert inflows of water vapor into outflows of raindrops and snowflakes that are precipitated to the underlying surface. This is followed by separate chapters on how water is delivered from the atmosphere to surface ecosystems; water budgets at the surface and in the soil; evaporation from these systems back to the atmosphere; water in the local air and rocks; and horizontal movement of water transformed by ecosystems where the preceding storages and fluxes were located.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Water at The Surface of The Earth: An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydrodynamics 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 12
Chapter I. Introduction 14
Just What Is the Earth's Surface? 14
The Budget Idea 15
Water in Systems 18
Water Supplied by the Atmosphere to the Earth's Surface 18
Chapter II. Atmospheric Vapor Flows and Atmospheric Storms 20
Water Vapor and Its Movement over the Earth's Surface 20
Atmospheric Storms 28
Sizes and Movement of Atmospheric Storms 38
Atmospheric Storms: Causes of Variability in Rainfall 47
References 48
Chapter III. Point Rainfall-The Delivery of Water to an Ecosystem 51
Measuring Rain and Snow 51
The Dimensions of Point Rainfall 55
The Frequency of Precipitation-Intensity Events 65
Water Delivery to Ecosystems 75
References 75
Chapter IV. Hydrologic Storms 77
The Area of Hydrologic Storms 78
Areal Syntheses 86
The Episodic Occurrence of Hydrologic Storms 94
Closing 100
References 101
Chapter V. Large-Scale Organization of Rainfall 103
Organization of Storms in Time 103
Spatial Grouping of Rainfall 110
Spatial Pattern of Annual Precipitation 120
Areal Pattern of Long-Term Changes in Rainfall 127
Associated Mass Fluxes 130
Time and Space Organization of the Water Delivered to Ecosystems 131
References 132
Chapter VI. Reception of Water by Ecosystems 135
Ecosystem Hydrodynamics 135
Delivery of Rain and Snow to Vegetation 138
Interception of Water by Vegetation 145
Storage of Rain and Snow on Foliage during Storms 147
The Outflows from Interception Storage of Rain and Snow 152
Evaporation as a Mode of Outflow from Interception Storage 158
Water Intercepted by Litter 162
Areal Redistribution of Water by Vegetation above the Soil 163
References 165
Chapter VII. Water Detained on the Soil Surface 168
Snow Cover 168
Liquid Water on the Ground 200
Outflows from Detention Storage 206
References 206
Chapter VIII. The Soil as Environment of Water 210
Infiltration of Water into the Soil 213
Influences of Vegetation on Infiltration 218
Time Differences in Infiltration 223
Infiltrated Water in Ecosystems 225
References 226
Chapter IX. Soil Moisture 228
Soil-Moisture Distributions in Space 237
Time Variations of Soil Moisture 241
Freezing and Melting of Soil Water 256
Outflows of Water from the Soil 260
References 261
Chapter X. Evaporation from Wet Surfaces 264
Determining Evaporation Rates 264
Evaporation from Deep Water Bodies 270
Evaporation from Shallow Water Bodies 278
Evaporation from a Wet Soil Surface 282
Evaporation 285
References 285
Chapter XI. Evaporation from Wen-Watered Ecosystems 287
Transpiration of Water from Leaves 288
Evapotranspiration from Plant Communities 289
Empirical Patterns of Potential Evapotranspiration 310
Evaporation Differs with Ecosystems 314
References 315
Chapter XII. Evaporation from Drying Ecosystems 317
Bare Soil Surfaces 317
Evapotranspiration from a Drying Soil-Vegetation System 322
Variations in Evapotranspiration over Time 332
Large-Scale Patterns 347
The Era of Evaporation 354
References 355
Chapter XIII. Water in the Local Air 358
Water Vapor in the Local Air 358
Visible Forms of Water in the Local Air 366
Condensation of Vapor on the Underlying Surface 375
References 384
Chapter XIV. Percolation from Ecosystems 386
Shallow Percolation 386
Deeper Percolation 387
Mass Transports by Percolating Water 394
Significance of Percolation 399
Percolation and Recharge 402
References 402
Chapter XV. Groundwater and Its Outflows into Local Ecosystems 405
The Environments of Groundwater 405
Groundwater Recharge 407
The Volume of Stored Underground Water 408
Mass Budgets Associated with Groundwater 413
Local Outflows of Water from Underground Storage 415
Artificial Outflows from Underground Storage 423
Groundwater Budgets 432
References 433
Chapter XVI. Surface Transports from Ecosystems 436
Movement of Snow 436
Gravity-Powered Movement of Liquid Water 439
Other Forms of Mass Transport Associated with the Flow of Water at and near the Surface 455
Time Variations in Off-Site Flow 465
Off-Site Flows from Ecosystems 481
References 482
Chapter XVII. Off-Site Yield of Ecosystems 487
Outflows from Groundwater Storage 487
Water Yield as Associated with Biological Yield 498
Total Off-Site Movement of Water 505
Total Yield 527
References 528
Chapter XVIII. Water in Ecosystems 531
Environments of Water in Ecosystems 532
Unknowns and Uncertainties in Water Budgets 535
Patterns of Distribution 538
Water Is Everywhere 544
References 545
INDEX 546
International Geophysics Series 572

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 7.10.1982
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Mechanik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 0-08-092477-8 / 0080924778
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-092477-9 / 9780080924779