Atmospheric Science (eBook)

An Introductory Survey

Peter V. Hobbs, John M. Wallace (Autoren)

eBook Download: EPUB

2006 | 2. Auflage
504 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-049953-6 (ISBN)

Infos

JOHN M. WALLACE was born in New York in 1940. He received his Bachelor's degree from Webb Institute of Naval Architecture and his PhD from MIT, where he worked closely with Professors Victor P. Starr and Reginald E. Newell. He has been a member of the faculty of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington since 1966. He has served terms as department chair, as Director of the Joint Institute of the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, and as Co-director of the University of Washington's Program on the Environment. His research interests include large scale atmospheric dynamics and climate variability and change. He regularly teaches an introductory graduate class in which this textbook is used.

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Atmospheric Science, Second Edition, is the long-awaited update of the classic atmospheric science text, which helped define the field nearly 30 years ago and has served as the cornerstone for most university curricula. Now students and professionals alike can use this updated classic to understand atmospheric phenomena in the context of the latest discoveries, and prepare themselves for more advanced study and real-life problem solving. This latest edition of Atmospheric Science, has been revamped in terms of content and appearance. It contains new chapters on atmospheric chemistry, the Earth system, the atmospheric boundary layer, and climate, as well as enhanced treatment of atmospheric dynamics, radiative transfer, severe storms, and global warming. The authors illustrate concepts with full-color, state-of-the-art imagery and cover a vast amount of new information in the field. Extensive numerical and qualitative exercises help students apply basic physical principles to atmospheric problems. There are also biographical footnotes summarizing the work of key scientists, along with a student companion website that hosts climate data; answers to quantitative exercises; full solutions to selected exercises; skew-T log p chart; related links, appendices; and more. The instructor website features: instructor's guide; solutions to quantitative exercises; electronic figures from the book; plus supplementary images for use in classroom presentations. Meteorology students at both advanced undergraduate and graduate levels will find this book extremely useful. - Full-color satellite imagery and cloud photographs illustrate principles throughout- Extensive numerical and qualitative exercises emphasize the application of basic physical principles to problems in the atmospheric sciences- Biographical footnotes summarize the lives and work of scientists mentioned in the text, and provide students with a sense of the long history of meteorology- Companion website encourages more advanced exploration of text topics: supplementary information, images, and bonus exercises

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 8
Preface to the Second Edition 12
Preface to the First Edition 16
Introduction and Overview 18
Scope of the Subject and Recent Highlights 18
Some Definitions and Terms of Reference 20
A Brief Survey of the Atmosphere 23
Optical Properties 23
Mass 24
Chemical Composition 25
Vertical structure 26
Winds 29
Precipitation 36
What’s Next? 38
Exercises 39
The Earth System 42
Components of the Earth System 42
The Oceans 42
The Cryosphere 49
The Terrestrial Biosphere 52
The Earth’s Crust and Mantle 54
Roles of Various Components of the Earth System in Climate 55
The Hydrologic Cycle 55
The Carbon Cycle 58
Carbon in the Atmosphere 59
Carbon in the Biosphere 59
Carbon in the Oceans 61
Carbon in the Earth’s Crust 61
Oxygen in the Earth System 62
Sources of Free Oxygen 63
A Brief History of Climate and the Earth System 65
Formation and Evolution of the Earth System 65
The Past 100 Million Years 68
The Past Million Years 69
The Past 20,000 Years 71
Earth: The Habitable Planet 73
Exercises 75
Atmospheric Thermodynamics 80
Gas Laws 80
Virtual Temperature 83
The Hydrostatic Equation 84
Geopotential 85
Scale Height and the Hypsometric Equation 86
Thickness and Heights of Constant Pressure Surfaces 88
Reduction of Pressure to Sea Level 89
The First Law of Thermodynamics 89
Joule’s Law 91
Specific Heats 92
Enthalpy 92
Adiabatic Processes 93
Concept of an Air Parcel 94
The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate 94
Potential Temperature 94
Thermodynamic Diagrams 95
Water Vapor in Air 96
Moisture Parameters 97
Latent Heats 101
Saturated Adiabatic and Pseudoadiabatic Processes 101
The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate 101
Equivalent Potential Temperature and Wet-Bulb Potential Temperature 102
Normand’s Rule 103
Net Effects of Ascent Followed by Descent 103
Static Stability 105
Unsaturated Air 105
Saturated Air 108
Conditional and Convective Instability 108
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 110
The Carnot Cycle 110
Entropy 112
The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 114
Generalized Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 117
Exercises 119
Radiative Transfer 130
The Spectrum of Radiation 130
Quantitative Description of Radiation 131
Blackbody Radiation 134
The Planck Function 134
Wien’s Displacement Law 135
The Stefan–Boltzmann Law 136
Radiative Properties of Nonblack Materials 137
Kirchhoff’s Law 138
The Greenhouse Effect 138
Physics of Scattering and Absorption and Emission 139
Scattering by Air Molecules and Particles 140
Absorption by Particles 143
Absorption and Emission by Gas Molecules 144
Radiative Transfer in Planetary Atmospheres 147
Beer’s Law 147
Reflection and Absorption by a Layer of the Atmosphere 150
Absorption and Emission of Infrared Radiation in Cloud-Free Air 151
Vertical Profiles of Radiative Heating Rate 155
Passive Remote Sensing by Satellites 156
Radiation Balance at the Top of the Atmosphere 161
Exercises 162
Atmospheric Chemistry 170
Composition of Tropospheric Air 170
Sources, Transport, and Sinks of Trace Gases 174
Sources 174
Transport 177
Sinks 179
Some Important Tropospheric Trace Gases 179
The Hydroxyl Radical 179
Some Reactive Nitrogen Compounds 180
Organic Compounds 181
Carbon Monoxide 182
Ozone 182
Hydrogen Compounds 185
Sulfur Gases 185
Tropospheric Aerosols 186
Sources 187
Chemical Composition 189
Transport 190
Sinks 190
Concentrations and Size Distributions 191
Residence Times 193
Air Pollution 193
Some Sources of Pollutants 194
Smogs 196
Regional and Global Pollution 198
Tropospheric Chemical Cycles 199
The Nitrogen Cycle 199
The Sulfur Cycle 200
Stratospheric Chemistry 201
Unperturbed Stratospheric Ozone 202
Anthropogenic Perturbations to Stratospheric Ozone: The Ozone Hole 207
Stratospheric Aerosols Sulfur in the Stratosphere
Exercises 215
Cloud Microphysics 226
Nucleation of Water Vapor Condensation 226
Theory 227
Cloud Condensation Nuclei 231
Microstructures of Warm Clouds 232
Cloud Liquid Water Content and Entrainment 235
Growth of Cloud Droplets in Warm Clouds 238
Growth by Condensation 238
Growth by Collection 241
Bridging the Gap between Droplet Growth by Condensation and Collision–Coalescence 245
Microphysics of Cold Clouds 249
Nucleation of Ice Particles Ice Nuclei
Concentrations of Ice Particles in Clouds Ice Multiplication
Growth of Ice Particles in Clouds 255
Formation of Precipitation in Cold Clouds 260
Classification of Solid Precipitation 262
Artificial Modification of Clouds and Precipitation 262
Modification of Warm Clouds 262
Modification of Cold Clouds 264
Inadvertent Modification 267
Thunderstorm Electrification 269
Charge Generation 269
Lightning and Thunder 271
The Global Electrical Circuit 273
Cloud and Precipitation Chemistry 276
Overview 276
Transport of Particles and Gases 276
Nucleation Scavenging 277
Dissolution of Gases in Cloud Droplets 277
Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions 278
Precipitation Scavenging 278
Sources of Sulfate in Precipitation 279
Chemical Composition of Rain 279
Production of Aerosol by Clouds 279
Exercises 280
Atmospheric Dynamics 288
Kinematics of the Large-Scale Horizontal Flow 288
Elementary Kinematic Properties of the Flow 288
Vorticity and Divergence 289
Deformation 291
Streamlines versus Trajectories 292
Dynamics of Horizontal Flow 293
Apparent Forces 293
Real Forces 296
The Horizontal Equation of Motion 297
The Geostrophic Wind 298
The Effect of Friction 298
The Gradient Wind 299
The Thermal Wind 300
Suppression of Vertical Motions by Planetary Rotation 303
A Conservation Law for Vorticity 303
Potential Vorticity 306
Primitive Equations 307
Pressure as a Vertical Coordinate 308
Hydrostatic Balance 308
The Thermodynamic Energy Equation 308
Inference of the Vertical Motion Field 310
Solution of the Primitive Equations 312
An Application of Primitive Equations 313
The Atmospheric General Circulation 314
The Kinetic Energy Cycle 315
The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine 317
Numerical Weather Prediction 317
Exercises 321
Weather Systems 330
Extratropical Cyclones 330
An Overview 330
Fronts and Surface Weather 335
Vertical Structure 345
Air Trajectories 351
In Search of the Perfect Storm 353
Top–Down Influences 354
Influence of Latent Heat Release 355
Orographic Effects 357
Lee Cyclogenesis and Lee Troughing 357
Rossby Wave Propagation along Sloping Terrain 357
Cold Air Damming 358
Terrain-Induced Windstorms 359
Orographic Influences on Precipitation 360
Deep Convection 361
Environmental Controls 362
Structure and Evolution of Convective Storms 366
Damaging Winds Associated with Convective Storms 373
Mesoscale Convective Systems 380
Tropical Cyclones 383
Structure, Thermodynamics, and Dynamics 383
Genesis and Life Cycle 386
Storm Surges 387
Exercises 388
The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 392
Turbulence 393
Eddies and Thermals 393
Statistical Description of Turbulence 395
Turbulence Kinetic Energy and Turbulence Intensity 396
Turbulent Transport and Fluxes 398
Turbulence Closure 399
Turbulence Scales and Similarity Theory 400
The Surface Energy Balance 402
Radiative Fluxes 402
Surface Energy Balance over Land 403
The Bulk Aerodynamic Formulae 404
The Global Surface Energy Balance 407
Vertical Structure 408
Temperature 408
Humidity 409
Winds 410
Day-to-Day and Regional Variations in Boundary-Layer Structure 412
Nonlocal Influence of Stratification on Turbulence and Stability 413
Evolution 415
Entrainment 415
Boundary-Layer Growth 416
Cloud-Topped Boundary Layer over Land 418
The Marine Boundary Layer 418
Stormy Weather 421
Special Effects 421
Terrain Effects 421
Sea Breezes 425
Forest Canopy Effects 427
Urban Effects 428
Boundary Layer in Context 428
Exercises 430
Climate Dynamics 436
The Present-Day Climate 436
Annual Mean Conditions 436
Dependence on Time of Day 439
Seasonal Dependence 440
Climate Variability 442
Internally Generated Climate Variability 446
Coupled Climate Variability 448
Externally Forced Climate Variability 456
Climate Equilibria, Sensitivity, and Feedbacks 460
Transient versus Equilibrium Response 463
Climate Feedbacks 464
Greenhouse Warming 468
The Buildup of Greenhouse Gases 468
Is Human-Induced Greenhouse Warming Already Evident? 472
Projections of Future Human-Induced Greenhouse Warming 474
Climate Monitoring and Prediction 475
Exercises 477
Constants and Conversions for Atmospheric Science 484
Abbreviations Used in Captions 486
Index 488

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 24.3.2006
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• ISBN-10: 0-08-049953-8 / 0080499538
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-049953-6 / 9780080499536