Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress (eBook)

Harold A. Mooney, Luo Yiqi, Bernard Saugier (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

1999 | 1. Auflage
418 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-050071-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This book focuses on the interactive effects of environmental stresses with plant and ecosystem functions, especially with respect to changes in the abundance of carbon dioxide. The interaction of stresses with elevated carbon dioxide are presented from the cellular through whole plant ecosystem level. The book carefully considers not only the responses of the above-ground portion of the plant, but also emphasizes the critical role of below-ground (rhizosphere) components (e.g., roots, microbes, soil) in determining the nature and magnitude of these interactions.

* Will rising CO2 alter the importance of environmental stress in natural and agricultural ecosystems?
* Will environmental stress on plants reduce their capacity to remove CO2 from the atmosphere?
* Are some stresses more important than others as we concern ourselves with global change?
* Can we develop predictive models useful for scientists and policy-makers?
* Where should future research efforts be focused?

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Preface 14
Part I: Interactions of CO2 with Water, Temperature, Salinity, UV-B, Ozone, and Nutrients 16
Chapter 1. Interactive Effects of Water Stress and Elevated CO2 on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Water Use Efficiency 18
I. Introduction 18
II. Expansive Growth, Water Stress, and Elevated CO2 19
III. Stomata, Photosynthesis, and Water Stress 24
IV. Stomata, Photosynthesis, and Elevated CO2 26
V. Adjustment in Photosynthetic Capacity under Elevated CO2 29
VI. Interactions between Effects of Elevated CO2 and Water Stress on Photosynthesis 31
VII. General Aspects of Plant Water Use Efficiency 31
VIII. Water Use Efficiency and Elevated CO2 33
IX. Framework for Response of Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency to Elevated CO2 35
X. Overview and Conclusion 39
References 41
Chapter 2. Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Concentration, Water Use, and Water Stress: Scaling Up from the Plant to the Landscape 48
I. Introduction 48
II. Ecosystem Hydrology and Global Climatic Change 49
III. Stomatal Response to CO2 Concentration 52
IV. Effects of Plant Growth Responses to Elevated CO2 Concentration on Water Use 54
V. Considerations in Scaling Up Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Stomatal Conductance to Effects on Ecosystem and Regional Transpiration 55
VI. Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Plot-Scale Water Use: Experimental Results 59
VII. Scaling Up with Global Atmospheric Models 62
VIII. Forest Water Use and Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Increase during the Past Several Decades: The Real Thing 63
IX. Discussion and Summary 68
References 70
Chapter 3. Temperature: Cellular to Whole-Plant and Population Responses 76
I. Introduction 76
II. Fundamental Temperature Effects on Plants and Interactions with Elevated CO2 77
III. Population Responses in Arctic and Alpine Habitats 87
IV. Conclusions 113
References 114
Chapter 4. Effects of Elevated CO2 and Temperature Stress on Ecosystem Processes 122
I. Introduction 122
II. Ecosystem Processes 124
III. Case Studies 131
IV. Summary and Conclusions 142
References 147
Chapter 5. Interactions between Rising CO2, Soil Salinity, and Plant Growth 154
I. Introduction 154
II. Global Extent of Salt-Affected Land 155
III. Effect of Salinity on Plant Production 158
IV. Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance That Relate to Effects of Elevated CO2 160
V. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Salt Tolerance and Soil Salinity 167
VI. Effects of Elevated CO2 on Natural Communities in Saline Soil 173
VII. Summary and Future Directions 177
References 178
Chapter 6. Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment and Enhanced Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Gene to Ecosystem Responses 184
I. Introduction 184
II. Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, Terrestrial Plant Life, and Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation 186
III. Photosynthesis, Plant Growth, and Primary Production 187
IV. Plant Biomass Allocation Pattern 189
V. Plant Morphogenesis 189
VI. Secondary Chemistry, Litter Decomposition, and Carbon Cycling 190
VII. Ecosystem Processes 192
VIII. Conclusions 197
References 202
Chapter 7. Role of Carbon Dioxide in Modifying the Plant Response to Ozone 208
I. Introduction 208
II. Evidence of Interactions between Ozone and Carbon Dioxide 209
III. Mechanisms for Ozone by Carbon Dioxide Interactions 212
IV. Summary 220
References 222
Chapter 8. Response of Plants to Elevated Atmospheric CO2: Root Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Soil Carbon 230
I. CO2 Response 230
II. Roots 230
III. The Rhizosphere 235
IV. Mineral Nutrition 239
V. Soil Carbon Storage 246
VI. Conclusion 248
References 249
Chapter 9. Rhizosphere Processes under Elevated CO2 260
I. Introduction 260
II. Rhizodeposition 261
III. Root Exudate Quality and Quantity 262
IV. Rhizosphere Respiration 263
V. Rhizosphere Effects on Soil Organic Matter Decomposition 266
VI. Rhizosphere Associations 268
VII. Rhizosphere-Based Communities 272
VIII. Summary 272
References 273
Chapter 10. Ecosystem Responses to Rising Atmospheric CO2: Feedbacks through the Nitrogen Cycle 280
I. Introduction 280
II. Soil Nitrogen Cycle 281
III. Mechanisms through Which Elevated CO2 Alters Soil Nitrogen Cycling 281
IV. Nitrogen Mineralization and Immobilization and Increased Carbon Input to Soil 283
V. Increased Carbon Flux to Soil and Nitrogen Inputs and Losses 289
VI. Altered Nitrogen Cycling and Soil Water Content 292
VII. Relative Importance of Increased Carbon Input versus Altered Soil Water Content 293
VIII. Conclusions 295
References 296
Part II: Evolutionary, Scaling, and Modeling Studies of C02 and Stress Interactions 302
Chapter 11. Implications of Stress in Low CO2 Atmospheres of the Past: Are Today's Plants Too Conservative for a High CO2 World? 304
I. Introduction: The Case for Studying Responses to Low CO2 304
II. Plant Responses to Subambient CO2 306
III. Adaptations to Environmental Stress under Low CO2 313
IV. Testing the Hypothesis of Low CO2 Adaptation 318
V. Summary 318
References 319
Chapter 12. Scaling against Environmental and Biological Variability: General Principles and A Case Study 324
I. Introduction 324
II. The Nature and Approaches of Scaling-Up Studies 325
III. Scaling Photosynthesis from Leaf to Globe: A Two-Component Model 328
IV. Supplementary Studies 332
V. Summary 341
References 343
Chapter 13. Nutrients: Dynamics and Limitations 348
I. Introduction 348
II. Ecosystem Stoichiometry 348
III. Open versus Closed Systems 355
IV. Discussion 357
References 359
Chapter 14. Ecosystem Modeling of the CO2 Response of Forests on Sites Limited by Nitrogen and Water 362
I. Introduction 362
II. Modifications to Incorporate Water Limitation in G'DAY 367
III. Modeled Responses to CO2 in Relation to Water and N Limitation 371
IV. Discussion 372
V. Summary 380
References 380
Part III: Synthesis and Summary 386
Chapter 15. Diverse Controls on Carbon Storage under Elevated CO2: Toward a Synthesis 388
I. Impacts of Rising Atmospheric CO2 388
II. NPP and Carbon Storage 390
III. Carbon Turnover Dynamics 394
IV. Nutrient Limitation 395
V. Disturbance 399
VI. Ecological Dynamics 400
VII. Conclusions 401
References 403
Chapter 16. Interactive Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress on Plants and Ecosystems: A Synthesis 408
I. Introduction 408
II. Interactive Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Stresses on Plants and Ecosystems 409
III. Evolutionary, Scaling, and Modeling Studies of CO2 and Stress Interactions 417
IV. Future Research Needs 420
V. Conclusions 422
References 423
Index 424

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.4.1999
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-050071-4 / 0080500714
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-050071-3 / 9780080500713