Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere (eBook)

Peter Warneck (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

1999 | 2. Auflage
927 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-052906-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Knowledge of thc chemical behavior of trace compounds in the atmosphere has grown steadily, and sometimes even spectacularly, in recent decades. These developments have led to the emergence of atmospheric chemistry as a new branch of science. This book covers all aspects of atmospheric chemistry on a global scale, integrating information from chemistry and geochemistry, physics, and biology to provide a unified account. For each atmospheric constituent of interest, the text summarizes the principal observations on global distribution, chemical reactions, natural and anthropogenic sources, and physical removal processes. Coverage includes processes in the gas phase, in aerosols and c1ouds, and in precipitation, as well as biogeochemical cycles and the evolution of the atmosphere. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Second Edition, will serve as a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses, and as an essential reference for atmospheric chemists, meteorologists, and anyone studying the biogeochemical cycles of trace gases.


* Updated extensively from the highly respected first edition
* Treats the global-scale chemistry and distribution of atmospheric trace constituents
* Emphasizes observations and their interpretation
* Provides background on transport and reaction kinetics for interpretation of observational data
* Includes chemistry in the gas phase and in aerosols and clouds
* Details chemical reaction pathways for the most important trace constituents
* Describes pertinent biogeochemical cycles
* Written by an author with more than 40 years of research experience in atmospheric chemistry

Inhalt

Cover 1
CONTENTS 8
Preface to the Second Edition 14
Preface to the First Edition 16
Chapter 1. Bulk Composition, Structure, and Dynamics of the Atmosphere 20
1.1 Observational Data and Averages 20
1.2 Temperature Structure and Atmospheric Regions 26
1.3 Pressure, Density, and Mixing Ratio 29
1.4 Global Circulation and Transport 34
1.5 Air Mass Exchange between Principal Atmospheric Domains 50
1.6 The Planetary Boundary Layer 61
Chapter 2. Photochemical Processes and Elementary Reactions 73
2.1 Fundamentals of Reactions Kinetics 74
2.2 Properties of Rate Coefficients 79
2.3 Photochemical Processes 86
2.4 Attenuation of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere 88
2.5 Photodissociation of Oxygen and Ozone 98
2.6 Photochemistry of Minor Atmospheric Constituents 104
Chapter 3. Chemistry of the Stratosphere 118
3.1 Historical Survey 119
3.2 Ozone Observations 123
3.3 The Chapman Model 132
3.4 Trace Gases Other Than Ozone 137
3.5 Heterogeneous and Polar Stratospheric Chemistry 159
3.6 The Budget of Ozone in the Stratosphere 170
Chapter 4. Chemistry of the Troposphere: The Methane Oxidation Cycle 176
4.1 The Tropospheric Reservoir 177
4.2 Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere 182
4.3 The Budget of Methane 193
4.4 Formaldehyde 208
4.5 Carbon Monoxide 211
4.6 Hydrogen 224
Chapter 5. Ozone in the Troposphere 230
5.1 Introduction 230
5.2 Photochemical Air Pollution 232
5.3 Distribution and Behavior of Tropospheric Ozone 249
5.4 A Minimum Tropospheric Ozone Budget 268
5.5 Photochemical Production and Loss of Ozone in the Unperturbed Troposphere 274
Chapter 6. Hydrocarbons, Halocarbons, and Other Volatile Organic Compounds 283
6.1 Hydrocarbons and Some Other Organic Volatiles 284
6.2 Hydrocarbon Oxidation Mechanisms 328
6.3 Halocarbons 350
Chapter 7. The Atmospheric Aerosol 365
7.1 Introduction 365
7.2 Particulate Size Distribution 367
7.3 The Physical Behavior of Particles 374
7.4 Aerosol Sources and Global Production Rates 392
7.5 The Chemical Constitution of the Aerosol 424
7.6 Global Distribution, Physical Removal, and Residence Time of the Tropospheric Aerosol 457
Chapter 8. Chemistry of Clouds and Precipitation 470
8.1 The Water Cycle 470
8.2 Cloud and Rain Formation 474
8.3 The Incorporation of Particulate Matter into Cloud and Raindrops 480
8.4 The Scavenging of Gases by Cloud and Raindrops 487
8.5 Inorganic Chemical Composition and pH of Cloud and Rain Water 503
8.6 Chemical Reactions in Cloud and Fog Waters 512
Chapter 9. Nitrogen Compounds in the Troposphere 530
9.1 Biochemical Processes 530
9.2 Ammonia 534
9.3 Nitrous Oxide 549
9.4 Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2, and Related Nitrogen Compounds 560
Chapter 10. Sulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere 606
10.1 Introductory Remarks 606
10.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds 608
10.3 Sulfur Dioxide, SO2, and Particulate Sulfate 630
10.4 Tropospheric Sulfur Budgets 666
Chapter 11. Geochemistry of Carbon Dioxide 675
11.1 Introduction 675
11.2 The Major Carbon Reservoirs 677
11.3 The Global Carbon Cycles 694
11.4 Summary 726
Chapter 12. The Evolution of the Atmosphere 730
12.1 The Noble Gases 731
12.2 The Primitive Atmosphere 740
12.3 Nitrogen 749
12.4 Oxygen 753
12.5 Atmospheric Gases: Cumulative versus Cyclic Behavior 769
Appendix: Supplementary Tables 774
References 796
Index 924
Volumes in Series 944

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 29.10.1999
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-052906-2 / 0080529062
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-052906-6 / 9780080529066