Claudins (eBook)

Alan Yu (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2010 | 1. Auflage
368 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-381040-3 (ISBN)

Infos

This volume of Current Topics in Membranes focuses on Membrane Protein Crystallization, beginning with a review of past successes and general trends, then further discussing challenges of mebranes protein crystallization, cell free production of membrane proteins and novel lipids for membrane protein crystallization.
This publication also includes tools to enchance membrane protein crystallization, technique advancements, and crystallization strategies used for photosystem I and its complexes, establishing Membrane Protein Crystallization as a needed, practical reference for researchers.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Current Topics in Membranes 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Contributors 14
Preface 18
Previous Volumes in Series 20
Chapter 1: Introduction: Claudins, Tight Junctions, and the Paracellular Barrier 24
I. Overview 24
II. Introduction 25
III. History of the Identification of Claudins 25
A. Identification of TJ-Associated Proteins by Immunological Approaches 25
B. Identification of the Claudin Family 27
IV. Structure of Claudins 28
V. TJ Formation by the Claudin Family 29
VI. Complex Structure of TJ Strands Formed by Multiple Claudin Subtypes 30
VII. Functional Diversity of the Barrier Property of Claudin-Based TJs 31
VIII. In vivo Functions of Claudins: Claudin-Deficient Mice and Hereditary Diseases with Claudin Mutations 33
IX. Dynamic Behavior of Claudin-Based TJs 35
X. Summary and Future Perspectives 36
Acknowledgments 37
References 37
Chapter 2: Morphological Studies of Claudins in the Tight Junction 44
I. Overview 44
II. Background 45
III. Claudins but not Occludin Form Tight Junction Strands 47
IV. Morphological Tools for the Study of Tight Junctions 48
A. Localization of Tight Junction Proteins by Immunofluorescence Microscopy 49
B. Localization of Tight Junction Proteins at the Ultrastructural Level 50
V. Claudins are Relatively Stable Components of the Tight Junction 54
VI. Claudin-Claudin Interactions 55
VII. Claudins, Regulators of Paracellular Ion Selectivity 56
VIII. Summary 57
References 57
Chapter 3: Biophysical Methods to Study Tight Junction Permeability 62
I. Overview 63
II. Introduction 63
III. Resistance Measurements 64
A. Transepithelial Resistance (TER, Rt) 64
B. Chopstick Electrodes 65
C. Ussing Chamber 66
D. Impedance Spectroscopy 66
E. One-Path Impedance Spectroscopy 69
F. Two-Path Impedance Spectroscopy 70
G. Conductance Scanning 74
IV. Ion Permeability Measurements 76
A. Ion Flux Measurements 77
B. Dilution and Biionic Potentials 78
C. Conductance Measurements 80
V. Fluxes of Uncharged Paracellular Tracers 82
VI. Paracellular Water Transport 85
VII. Experimental Strategies for TJ Perturbation 87
A. Cell Culture Models: Overexpression and Knockdown 87
B. In Vivo Models: Knockout Mice 89
C. Established Mouse Models 90
VIII. Conclusion 93
References 94
Chapter 4: Structure-Function Studies of the Claudin Pore 102
I. Overview 102
II. Introduction 103
III. Methodological Challenges in Measuring Pore Function of Individual Claudins 103
IV. The First Extracellular Domain of Claudins Lines the Paracellular Pore 105
V. Molecular Basis of Charge Selectivity 106
VI. Size of Claudin Pores 111
VII. Mapping Residues onto the Structure of the Claudin Pore by Cysteine Mutagenesis 112
VIII. Stoichiometry of Claudin Pores 113
IX. Conclusions 115
References 115
Chapter 5: The Investigation of cis- and trans-Interactions Between Claudins 120
I. Overview 120
II. Introduction 121
III. Estimation of Interactions, Without Differentiation Between cis- and trans-Interaction 123
A. Conventional Techniques 123
B. Proteomic Approaches for Identifying Interaction Partners of Claudins 125
IV. Analysis of cis-Interactions Along the Plasma Membrane 127
V. Determination of trans-Interactions Between Opposing Cell Membranes 130
References 131
Chapter 6: Regulation of Claudins by Posttranslational Modifications and Cell-Signaling Cascades 136
I. Overview 137
II. Introduction 137
III. Claudin Phosphorylation 137
A. Phosphorylation of Claudins that Promotes their Assembly at Tight Junctions 138
B. Phosphorylation of Claudins that Modulates their Function as Tight Junction Pores 152
C. Phosphorylation of Claudins that Inhibits their Assembly at Tight Junctions 153
D. Kinases that Promote other Claudin Functions 154
E. Phosphorylation of Claudins in Cancerous Tissues 155
IV. Inhibition of Palmitoylation Impairs the Efficient Localization of Claudin-14 at Tight Junctions 156
V. Changes in Claudin Expression Triggered by Diverse Elements and Signaling Pathways 157
A. MAP Kinase 157
B. Rho Rack and CDC42 Pathways 158
C. Cytokines 159
D. Prostaglandins 163
E. Growth Factors 163
F. Hormones 164
References 167
Chapter 7: Claudins and Renal Magnesium Handling 174
I. Overview 174
II. Introduction 175
A. Claudins form Paracellular Channels in the Kidney 175
B. The Paracellular Reabsorption of Magnesium in the Kidney 176
III. Claudins and Human Renal Diseases of Magnesium Wasting 178
A. Mutations in CLDN16 Cause FHHNC 178
B. Mutations in CLDN19 Cause FHHNC 180
IV. Claudin Biology and Physiology 180
A. Biosynthesis, Trafficking, and Interaction of CLDN16 and CLDN19 Molecules 180
B. Biophysical Properties of CLDN16 and CLDN19 Paracellular Channels 185
V. Perspective 192
A. The Biochemical Nature of CLDN16 and CLDN19 Oligomerization 192
B. The Molecular Basis of CLDN16–CLDN19 Channel Charge Selectivity 192
C. Mouse Models Deficient in Both CLDN16 and CLDN19 193
Acknowledgments 194
References 194
Chapter 8: Claudins and Barrier Function of the Lung 200
I.Overview 201
II. Introduction 201
III. Profile of Claudin Expression in the Lung 203
A. Expression of Claudins in Proximal Airways 203
B. Expression of Claudins in Distal Lung 204
IV. Regulation of Claudin Expression in the Lung 205
V. Claudins and Barrier Functions of the Lung 206
VI. Claudins in Lung Pathology 209
VII. Concluding Remarks 212
Acknowledgments 213
References 213
Chapter 9: Claudins in Intestinal Function and Disease 218
I. Overview 219
II. Claudins in Intestinal Epithelia 219
A. Barrier and Channel Function of Intestinal Claudins 219
B. Claudins Along the Gut Axis 221
C. Two Effects of Claudin Dysfunction 222
III. Chronic Inflammatory Disorders of The Intestine 222
A. Crohn’s Disease 223
B. Ulcerative Colitis 224
C. Collagenous Colitis 226
D. Role of Cytokines in Altered Epithelial Barrier Function in IBD 227
E. Celiac Disease 228
IV. Intestinal Infections 230
A. Salmonella enterica 231
B. Clostridium perfringens, C. difficile, C. botulinum 232
C. Escherichia coli 232
D. Shigella flexneri 233
E. Campylobacter jejuni 234
F. Arcobacter butzleri 234
G. Helicobacter pylori 235
H. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 237
I. Norovirus 237
J. Rotavirus 238
K. Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis) 238
L. Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis) 239
M. Protection of Intestinal Barrier Function in Intestinal Diseases 239
V. Conclusion 240
References 240
Chapter 10: Claudin Proteins and Neuronal Function 252
I. Overview 252
II. Introduction 253
III. Function of TJs in the Invertebrate Nervous System 254
IV. Function of TJs in CNS Myelin 257
A. Myelin Sheath Development and Structure 257
B. Major Structural Proteins in CNS Myelin 257
C. TJs form the Radial Component in CNS Myelin 258
D. TJs Contribute to Myelin Membrane Resistance 258
E. Axoglial Junctions Contribute to Axonal Conduction Independently of TJs 260
F. Are TJs Immune-Protective or Adhesive Components of Myelin? 263
V. Potential Clinical Relevance of CNS Myelin TJs to Neurological Diseases 268
A. Schizophrenia 268
B. Multiple Sclerosis 269
VI. Role of Claudin 11 in CNS Development 270
VII. TJs in PNS Myelin 271
Acknowledgments 271
References 271
Chapter 11: Claudin is Skin Deep 278
I. Overview 278
II. Introduction 279
III. The Epidermis and Epidermal Terminal Differentiation 279
IV. Tight Junctions and the Tight Junction Permeability Barrier 281
A. TJs and the Discovery of Cldns 281
B. TJs and the Epidermis 283
C. Cldns and Epidermal Development and Function in Health and Disease 285
V. Conclusions-Challenges for the Future 290
Acknowledgments 291
References 291
Chapter 12: The Involvement of Tight Junction Protein Claudin-1 in Hepatitis C Virus Entry 296
I. Overview 296
II. Introduction 297
III. Soluble HCV Glycoprotein E2 298
IV. HCV Pseudoparticles 298
V. The JFH-1 Strain of HCV 299
VI. Discovery of Receptors 299
VII. CD81 300
VIII. Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I 301
IX. Claudins 302
X. Occludin 304
XI. Tight Junction Proteins and Virus Entry 305
XII. Effects of Cell Polarization on HCV Entry 307
Acknowledgments 309
References 309
Chapter 13: Claudins in Cancer Biology 316
I. Overview 316
II. Introduction 317
III. Aberrant Expression of Claudins in Cancer 318
IV. Regulation of Claudin Expression 323
A. Pathways Implicated in Claudin Regulation 323
B. Epigenetic Regulation 325
C. Transcriptional Regulation 326
D. Posttranslational Regulation 327
E. Localization of Claudins 328
V. Roles of Claudins in Tumorigenesis 329
VI. Clinical Implications of Claudin Overexpression in Cancer 334
A. Detection and Diagnosis 334
B. Prognosis 339
C. Therapy 340
VII. Concluding Remarks 341
References 342
Index 358
Color Plate 366

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.6.2010
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zellbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-12-381040-X / 012381040X
• ISBN-13: 978-0-12-381040-3 / 9780123810403