Urban Energy Transition (eBook)

From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power

Peter Droege (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2011 | 1. Auflage
664 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-056046-5 (ISBN)

Infos

This compendium of 29 chapters from 18 countries contains both fundamental and advanced insight into the inevitable shift from cities dominated by the fossil-fuel systems of the industrial age to a renewable-energy based urban development framework. The cross-disciplinary handbook covers a range of diverse yet relevant topics, including: carbon emissions policy and practice, the role of embodied energy, urban thermal performance planning, building efficiency services, energy poverty alleviation efforts, renewable community support networks, aspects of household level bio-fuel markets, urban renewable energy legislation, programs and incentives, innovations in individual transport systems, global urban mobility trends, implications of intelligent energy networks and distributed energy supply and storage, and the case for new regional monetary systems and lifestyles. Presented are practical and principled aspects of technology, economics, design, culture and society, presenting perspectives that are both local and international in scope and relevance.

Inhalt

Cover 1
Contents 6
Urban Energy Transition: An Introduction 10
PART I: Principles and Drivers 24
Chapter 1 Solar City: Reconnecting Energy Generation and Use to the Technical and Social Logic of Solar Energy 26
1.1 No Possible Change within the Conventional Energy System 26
1.2 Renewable Energies as an Energetic Imperative 27
1.3 Energy Generation and Energy Use: from Disconnection to Reconnection 28
1.4 Looking Back to Look Forward 31
1.5 From Global Energy Supply to the City as Power Station 33
References 35
Chapter 2 Undoing Atmospheric Harm: Civil Action to Shrink the Carbon Footprint 36
2.1 Changing the Sky 37
2.2 Carbon Emission Allocations Under an Equity Consideration 43
2.3 Impact of US (In)Action on Climate Sustainability and Carbon Equity 45
2.4 American Civil Society in Revolt: Breaking Ranks with the National Government 46
2.5 Toward a Grassroots Politics of Climate Sustainability 54
2.6 Civil Strategy to Decarbonize the Human Footprint 56
References 57
Chapter 3 Urbanization, Increasing Wealth and Energy Transitions: Comparing Experiences between the USA, Japan and Rapidly Developing Asia-Pacific Economies 64
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Background: Linkage between Development, Urbanization and Energy Transitions 66
3.3 Data and Analysis 71
3.4 Comparison of Urbanization Trends: USA, Japan and Rapidly Developing Asia-Pacific Economies 74
3.5 Comparisons of the Energy Transitions: USA, Japan and Rapidly Developing Asian Economies 77
3.6 Discussion 86
3.7 Qualifications 93
3.8 Conclusions 94
Acknowledgements 95
References 95
Chapter 4 Direct versus Embodied Energy – The Need for Urban Lifestyle Transitions 100
4.1 Introduction: What is Embodied Energy? 100
4.2 Embodied Energy – An International Perspective 101
4.3 Sydney – A Case Study 112
4.4 Conclusions: Technological vs Lifestyle Transition 123
Acknowledgements 125
References 125
Chapter 5 Energy Development and Sustainable Monetary Systems 130
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 Plugging the Economic Drains from an Urban Precinct 133
5.3 Establishing Self-Financing, Self-Governing Precincts 135
5.4 Evaluation of Sustainable Energy Dollars 139
5.5 Designing a Local Real Monetary System 142
5.6 Governance of Sustainable Urban Communities 145
References 148
PART II: Policy and Practice Dynamics 150
Chapter 6 Renewable Energy Policymaking in New York and London: Lessons for other 'World Cities'? 152
6.1 Introduction 152
6.2 Urban Renewables Policymaking: What Role for Cities? 153
6.3 London – A Strategic Vision on Renewable Energy Supply and Use 155
6.4 Key Influences on London's Energy Policy 160
6.5 New York City – A Comprehensive but Less Renewables-Focused Energy Path 163
6.6 Key Influences on Energy Policymaking in New York City 168
6.7 Distilling Policymaking Lessons for Other Cities 172
References 178
Chapter 7 Climate Change and Cities: The Making of a Climate Friendly Future 182
7.1 Examining the Connections 182
7.2 Underlying Emission Drivers 186
7.3 Confronting the Challenges of Mitigation and Adaptation 192
7.4 Making Cities Climate Friendly 197
Acknowledgements 199
References 199
Chapter 8 City Energy Networking in Europe 202
8.1 Introduction 202
8.2 Networking 203
8.3 A Short History of Networks Supporting Sustainability in Urban Development 204
8.4 Network Types 208
8.5 Energy Network Overview 209
8.6 Effectiveness and Problems of City Energy Networking in Practice 215
8.7 Conclusion 217
References 218
Chapter 9 Energy Use and CO2 Production in the Urban Passenger Transport Systems of 84 International Cities: Findings and Policy Implications 220
Summary 220
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 Methodology and Data Sources 221
9.3 Characteristics of Urban Transport Systems 223
9.4 Urban Form 242
9.5 Conclusions 243
Acknowledgement 244
References 244
PART III: New Aspects of Technology 246
Chapter 10 Storage Systems for Reliable Future Power Supply Networks 248
Summary 248
10.1. Introduction 248
10.2. Storage Technologies for Electrical Energy 254
10.3. Future Trends in Urban Energy Supply 270
10.4. Conclusion 274
Chapter 11 The Media Laboratory City Car: A New Approach to Sustainable Urban Mobility 276
11.1 The Geography of Refuelling 276
11.2 Mechanical, Pipe, and Wire Distribution Networks 277
11.3 The Geography of Battery Recharging 279
11.4 Dual-Use Battery-Electric Vehicles 279
11.5 The Role of Private Electric Vehicles 280
11.6 The Role of Shared-Use Vehicles 281
11.7 The City Car 282
11.8 Shared-Use Electric Scooters and e-Bikes 285
11.9 Combination with rapid transit 286
11.10 Conclusion 290
Chapter 12 Towards the Intelligent Grid: A Review of the Literature 292
12.1 Background 292
12.2 A Framework for Integrating Social Research into the Intelligent Grid 293
12.3 Adoption, Diffusion and Acceptance: Processes Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Technology 294
12.4 Attitudes and Behaviour: Characteristics Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Technology 298
12.5 Society and Community: Situations Affecting the Uptake of Distributed Energy Technology 301
12.6 Changing Attitudes and Behaviours 303
12.7 External Influences on the Uptake of Distributed Energy Generation and the Reduction of Energy Consumption 306
12.8 Conclusions and Application for an Intelligent Grid in Australia 310
References 311
Chapter 13 Innovations Promote Rural and Peri-Urban Electrification in Developing Countries 318
13.1 Introduction 318
13.2 Wireless Networks – New Forms of Connectivity 319
13.3 Pervasive Mobile Phone Applications 319
13.4 Information for Villagers 320
13.5 Rapid Digital Evolution 322
13.6 Village Banking 322
13.7 Village Technologies 323
13.8 Reaching Out to a Rural Clientele 324
13.9 Technical Trends 326
13.10 Education in Rural Areas 327
13.11 New Rural Electrification Policies and Programs 329
13.12 The Art of doing Rural Business 329
13.13 Income Generation and Innovation 330
13.14 Towards a Rural Business Strategy 331
13.15 Innovations in Renewable Energy Supply for Rural Areas 332
13.16 Conclusion 333
Acknowledgement 334
References 334
PART IV: Transforming the Built Environment 336
Chapter 14 Towards the Renewable Built Environment 338
14.1 Background 338
14.2 Designing a Low Energy City 339
14.3 Optimize the Energy Efficiency of the Urban Structure 340
14.4 Minimize Energy Demand of Buildings 343
14.5 Maximize Efficiency of Energy Supply 346
14.6 Maximize the Share of Renewable Energy Sources 348
14.7 Wastewater and Solid Wastes 353
14.8 Urban Mobility 353
14.9 Carbon Neutral Buildings and Settlements 357
14.10 Conclusions 370
References 371
Chapter 15 Counteracting Urban Heat Islands in Japan 374
15.1 Summer Heat Problems in Urban Settings 374
15.2 Impact of Urban Heat Islands 375
15.3 Measures to Combat Urban Heat Islands 378
15.4 Developing Environmentally Friendly Cities 384
References 388
Chapter 16 Ecodesign and the Transition of the Built Environment 390
Chapter 17 "Energy-Contracting" to Achieve Energy Efficiency and Renewables using Comprehensive Refurbishment of Buildings as an Example 396
17.1 Motivation and Introduction 396
17.2 Energy-Contracting: Implementation Tool for Energy Efficiency and Renewables. Extended to Comprehensive Refurbishment of Buildings 398
17.3 Three Basic Models to Implement Comprehensive Refurbishment Measures through Energy Performance Contracting 403
17.4 Conclusions, Recommendations and Outlook 415
Chapter 18 Sustainability on the Urban Scale: Green Urbanism – New Models for Urban Growth and Neighbourhoods 418
18.1 Introduction 418
18.2 Sustainability Integrated within the Urban Design Process 419
18.3 The Need for More Comparative Research on Cities 420
18.4 Ramifications of Planning Decisions Made Today 423
18.5 Urban Eco-Systems: Density and Climate are Key Issues 425
18.6 The 'Compact City' Discourse: Social Acceptance of High Density? 426
18.7 Approaches Towards the Energy-Efficient 'City of the Future' 427
18.8 Designing Buildings with the Climate – Rather than Against it 429
18.9 Landscape and Building: Reintegrating Green and Maintaining Biodiversity 431
18.10 Traffic Planning to Improve Public Transport 432
18.11 Two Examples for Urban Regeneration: The 'City Campus' and 'PortCity' Projects 433
18.12 Beyond Concerns of Aesthetics: Some Concluding Remarks 435
Acknowledgements 438
References 438
PART V: International Urban Agendas 440
Chapter 19 Barcelona and the Power of Solar Ordinances: Political Will, Capacity Building and People's Participation 442
19.1 Introduction: Energy and People Living in Cities 442
19.2 The Real Case of Barcelona: The Energy Needs and the Energy Supply 444
19.3 Inefficient and Obsolete Energy Systems 451
19.4 Realizing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Potentials 452
19.5 The Future 457
References 458
Websites 458
Chapter 20 Reducing Carbon Emissions in London: From Theory to Practice 460
20.1 Introduction 460
20.2 The London Framework 461
20.3 The Low Carbon City 462
20.4 Use of the Planning System 470
20.5 Conclusions 481
Acknowledgements 482
References 482
Glossary of Terms 483
Chapter 21 Urban Energy and Carbon Management in Leicester 484
21.1 Introduction 484
21.2 Policy Background 485
21.3 Local Energy and Carbon Management Policies in Leicester 486
21.4 Local Modelling and Emissions Accounting 492
21.5 The City's Progress in Engaging in a Dialogue with the Public 495
21.6 Lessons Learnt and Conclusions 496
Acknowledgements 497
References 497
Chapter 22 Reducing Carbon Emissions From Oxford City: Plans and Tools 500
22.1 Introduction 500
22.2 Development and Demonstration of the DECoRuM® Model 501
22.3 Estimating Baseline Energy Use and CO[sub(2)] Emissions 502
22.4 DECoRuM® CO[sub(2)] Reduction and Cost/Benefit Model 502
22.5 Oxford Climate Change Action Plan 507
22.6 Top-Down Approaches (National Data Sets) 508
22.7 Bottom-Up Approaches (Local Data sets) 509
22.8 Conclusions: Future Work for Oxford City 512
Acknowledgements 513
References 513
Chapter 23 Integrating Energy in Urban Planning in the Philippines and Vietnam 516
23.1 Introduction 516
23.2 Socioeconomic Background of Naga City and Can Tho City 518
23.3 Background on the Two Cities' Urban Planning Process 519
23.4 Energy-Integrated Urban Planning (EIUP): Introduction to the EIUP Methodology 522
23.5 EIUP: Motivations and Conditions for Success 524
23.6 Application of EIUP: Key Results for Naga and Can Tho 530
23.7 Conclusions 538
Acknowledgements and Disclaimer 539
References 539
Chapter 24 Sustainable Energy Systems and the Urban Poor: Nigeria, Brazil and the Philippines 542
24.1 Introduction 542
24.2 Energy Use Patterns in Poor Urban Households 544
24.3 Energy, Urban Enterprises and Poverty 550
24.4 Gender, Energy and Urban Livelihoods 555
24.5 Energy Use, the Urban Poor and the Environment 556
24.6 Energy Use Improving the Livelihoods of the Urban Poor 558
24.7 Conclusions 565
Acknowledgements 568
References 568
Chapter 25 Energy Planning in South African cities 572
25.1 Introduction 572
25.2 South African Cities within the National Energy and Development Picture 573
25.3 City Energy: Key Issues 576
25.4 Building Sustainable Energy Approaches in Urban Development in South Africa 581
25.5 Urban Energy Policy Implementation – and Challenges 586
25.6 Conclusion 591
Acknowledgments 592
References 592
Chapter 26 Household Markets for Ethanol – Prospects for Ethiopia 594
26.1 Introduction 594
26.2 Supply Side 597
26.3 Demand Side 600
26.4 Discussion/Results 621
26.5 Conclusions 626
Acknowledgements 626
References 627
Chapter 27 Freedom from Fossil Fuel and Nuclear Power: The Scope for Local Solutions in the United States 628
27.1 Introduction 628
27.2 The Santa Barbara County Plan 628
Chapter 28 Lagos, Nigeria: Sustainable Energy Technologies for an Emerging African Megacity 640
28.1 Introduction 640
28.2 Why Examine Energy Crisis in Lagos Megacity? 642
28.3 Lagos: An African Megacity 644
28.4 The Dysfunctions of Lagos: The Monocentric Megacity 645
28.5 Some Potentials for Realizing Urban Sustainable Energy in Lagos and Urban Nigeria 646
28.6 Defects in Unsustainable IPPs being Developed: A Case for Transition to Sustainable Energy in Lagos and Urban Nigeria 650
28.7 Recommendations 650
References 652
Index 656
A 656
B 656
C 656
D 657
E 657
F 658
G 659
H 659
I 659
J 660
K 660
L 660
M 660
N 661
O 661
P 662
R 662
S 662
T 663
U 663
V 664
W 664
Z 664
Colour Plates 666

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 6.9.2011
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie
• ISBN-10: 0-08-056046-6 / 0080560466
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-056046-5 / 9780080560465