Carbon Alloys (eBook)

Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology

M. Endo, Michio Inagaki, K. Kaneko, A. Oya, Y. Tanabe, E. Yasuda (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2003 | 1. Auflage
584 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-052853-3 (ISBN)

Infos

In recent years the Japanese have funded a comprehensive study of carbon materials which incorporate other elements including boron, nitrogen and fluorine, hence the title of the project Carbon Alloys.

Coined in 1992, the phrase Carbon Alloys can be applied to those materials mainly composed of carbon materials in multi-component systems. The carbon atoms of each component have a physical and/or chemical interactive relationship with other atoms or compounds. The carbon atoms of the components may have different hybrid bonding orbitals to create quite different carbon components.

Eiichi Yasuda and his team consider the definition of Carbon Alloys, present the results of the Carbon Alloys projects, describe typical Carbon Alloys and their uses, discuss recent techniques for their characterization, and finally, illustrate potential applications and future developments for Carbon Alloy science. The book contains over thirty chapters on these studies from as many researchers.

The most modern of techniques, particularly in the area of spectroscopy, were used as diagnostic tools, and many of these are applicable to pure carbons also. Porosity in carbons received considerable attention.

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In recent years the Japanese have funded a comprehensive study of carbon materials which incorporate other elements including boron, nitrogen and fluorine, hence the title of the project "e;Carbon Alloys"e;.Coined in 1992, the phrase "e;Carbon Alloys"e; can be applied to those materials mainly composed of carbon materials in multi-component systems. The carbon atoms of each component have a physical and/or chemical interactive relationship with other atoms or compounds. The carbon atoms of the components may have different hybrid bonding orbitals to create quite different carbon components.Eiichi Yasuda and his team consider the definition of Carbon Alloys, present the results of the Carbon Alloys projects, describe typical Carbon Alloys and their uses, discuss recent techniques for their characterization, and finally, illustrate potential applications and future developments for Carbon Alloy science. The book contains over thirty chapters on these studies from as many researchers.The most modern of techniques, particularly in the area of spectroscopy, were used as diagnostic tools, and many of these are applicable to pure carbons also. Porosity in carbons received considerable attention.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Carbon Alloys: Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 14
Part 1: Introduction 16
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
1 A Short History 18
2 Carbon Family 20
3 Carbon Alloys 24
References 26
Part 2: Space Control in Carbon Alloys 30
Chapter 2. Hybrid Orbital Control in Carbon Alloys 30
1 Hybridization in a Carbon Atom 30
2 Defect States and Modifications of the Hybridization 42
3 Spectroscopies for spn Structure 48
4 Conclusions 53
References 53
Chapter 3. Structural Design and Functions of Carbon Materials by Alloying in Atomic and Molecular Scales 56
1. Introduction 56
2. Intercalation Compounds 57
3 Insertion of Li Ions into the Disordered Carbon Materials 59
4 Substitution of Heteroatoms 61
5 Metal-doped Fullerenes 64
6 Metal-doped Carbon Nanotubes 65
7 Conclusions 69
References 69
Chapter 4. Surface and Hidden Surface-controlled Carbon Alloys 72
1 Importance of Hidden Surfaces and Confined Spaces in Carbon Materials 72
2 Carbon Structure of Superhigh Surface Area 79
3 Design of Hidden Surfaces with Alloying 80
4 Properties of Hidden Surface- or Pore Space-alloyed Carbons 83
5 Design of New Porous Carbon with Carbon Alloying Technique 91
References 92
Chapter 5. Control of Interface and Microstructure in Carbon Alloys 98
1 Introduction 98
2 Interface Control 100
3 Microstructure Control 104
4 Conclusion 108
References 108
Part 3: Typical Carbon Alloys and Processing 111
Chapter 6. Intercalation Compounds 114
1 Introduction 114
2 Li-insertion into Carbon Materials 115
3 New Intercalation Compounds Prepared from Unique Host Carbon Materials 118
4 Host Effect on the Intercalation of Halogen Molecules and Alkali Metals 119
5 Physical Properties of MCl2-GICs and Alkyl Derivative of Boehmite with Layered Structure 120
6 Conclusion 120
References 121
Chapter 7. Porous Carbon 124
1 Introduction 124
2 Control of Pore Structure 125
3 Performance of Advanced Porous Carbon 133
4 Conclusions 138
References 139
Chapter 8. Polymer Blend Technique for Designing Carbon Materials 144
1. Introduction 144
2. Porous Carbon Materials 144
3 Preferential Support of Metal Particles on Pore Surface 146
4 Carbon Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes 148
5 Other Fibrous Carbon Materials with Unique Shapes 154
6 Conclusions 156
References 156
Part 4: The Latest Characterization Techniques 158
Chapter 9. Computer Simulations 160
1 Methods 160
2 Applications 165
3 Conclusions 171
References 171
Chapter 10. X-ray Diffraction Methods to Study Crystallite Size and Lattice Constants of Carbon Materials 176
1. Introduction 176
2 Measurement Method (JSPS Method) 177
3 Characterization of Carbonized Materials Heat-treated at Low Temperatures 185
References 188
Chapter 11. Pore Structure Analyses of Carbons by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering 190
1. Introduction 190
2. Fundamentals of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering 191
3 Analyses 195
4 Examples of Structure Determination 198
References 202
Chapter 12. XAFS Analysis and Applications to Carbons and Catalysts 204
1 Introduction 204
2 XAFS Analysis 205
3 Applications to Carbon Related Materials and Catalysts 215
4 XAFS in the Future 222
References 222
Chapter 13. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and its Application to Carbon 226
1 Introduction and XPS 226
2 C1s Binding Energy 227
3 Application to Carbon Materials 227
References 235
Chapter 14. Transmission Electron Microscopy 238
1 Introduction 238
2 Materials Characterization by Means of TEM 238
3 Specimen Preparation by FIB 246
4 In-Situ Heating Experiment 250
References 253
Chapter 15. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and its Applications to Characterization of Carbon Materials 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Basic Principles of EELS and Instrumentation 255
3 The Energy-Loss Spectrum 257
4 Applications to Characterizing Carbon Materials 264
5. Conclusions: The Future of EELS 269
References 270
Chapter 16. Visualization of the Atomic-scale Structure and Reactivity of Metal Carbide Surfaces Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 272
1 Introduction 272
2 Principle of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 274
3 Preparation of Mo2C Surfaces 274
4 Visualization of the Atomic-scale Structure and Reactivity of Molybdenum Carbide Surfaces by STM 275
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 280
References 281
Chapter 17. Infra-Red Spectra, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and Proton Magnetic Thermal Analysis 284
1 Infra-Red (IR) Spectra 284
2 EPR 291
3 Proton Magnetic Resonance Thermal Analysis (PMRTA) 296
References 298
Chapter 18. Raman Spectroscopy as a Characterization Tool for Carbon Materials 300
1 Introduction 300
2 Raman Spectra of Carbon Materials 303
3 Remarks about Raman Measurements 305
4 Recent Raman Studies of Carbon Materials 307
References 311
Chapter 19. Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and its Application to Carbon Alloys 314
1 Introduction 314
2 Apparatus 314
3 Basics of NMR for Spin 1/2 Nucleus 315
4 Characterization of Pitch 323
5 Solid-state 7Li-NMR 328
References 333
Chapter 20. Gas Adsorption 334
1 Adsorption, Absorption, Occlusion and Storage 334
2 Classification of Pores and Porosity 335
3 Selection of an Adsorbate Molecule 336
4 Surface Structure and the Adsorption Isotherm 339
References 346
Chapter 21. Electrochemical Characterization of Carbons and Carbon Alloys 350
1 Introduction 350
2 Characterization Techniques 351
3 Electrochemical Characterization of Carbon Alloys 355
4 Conclusions 364
References 364
Chapter 22. Mechanical Probe for Micro-/Nano-characterization 366
1 Introduction 366
2 Theoretical Considerations 368
3 Experimental Details 375
4 Application to Carbon-related Materials 379
5 Concluding Remarks 395
References 397
Chapter 23. Magnetism of Nano-graphite 400
1 Introduction 400
2 Conversion from Diamond to Graphite in Nano-scale Dimension 401
3 Nano-graphite Network 404
4 Fluorinated Nano-graphite 407
References 408
Chapter 24. Magnetoresistance and its Application to Carbon and Carbon Alloys 410
1 Introduction 410
2 Background for the Magnetoresistance Measurement 410
3 Measurement of Magnetoresistance 415
4 Application of Magnetoresistance Technique for Synthesis of High-Quality Graphite Film from Aromatic Polyimide Film 418
5 Negative Magnetoresistance in Boron-doped Graphites 424
References 428
Part 5. Function Developments and Application Potentials 430
Chapter 25. Applications of Advanced Carbon Materials to the Lithium Ion Secondary Battery 432
1 Introduction 432
2 Characteristics of Li-ion Secondary Battery 435
3 Carbon and Graphite Host Materials 435
4 Lithium/Graphite Intercalation Compounds 436
5 Voltage Profiles of Carbon Electrodes 439
6 Effect of Microstructure of Carbon Anode on the Capacity 441
7 Li Storage Model 445
8 Conclusions 446
References 447
Chapter 26. Electrochemical Functions 450
1 Features of Carbon Materials as Electrodes 450
2 Electrochemical Reactions on Carbon 451
3 Electrochemical Behavior of Various Carbons 454
4 Application of Carbon Electrodes 456
References 459
Chapter 27. Electric Double Layer Capacitors 462
1 Introduction 462
2 Influence of Pore Size Distribution of ACFs on Double Layer Capacitance 464
3 Double Layer Capacitance of Other Carbon Materials 469
4 Conclusion 471
References 471
Chapter 28. Field Electron Emissions from Carbon Nanotubes 474
1 Introduction 474
2 FEM Study of Nanotubes 475
3 Nanotube-based Display Devices 480
References 483
Chapter 29. Gas Separations with Carbon Membranes 484
1 Properties of Carbon Membranes 484
2 Preparation of Carbon Membranes 487
3 Permeances of Molecular Sieving Carbon Membranes 489
4 Oxidation of Molecular Sieving Carbon Membranes 493
5 Separation Based on Surface Flow 495
6 Conclusions 496
References 496
Chapter 30. Property Control of Carbon Materials by Fluorination 500
1 Introduction 500
2 Control of Carbon Properties by Fluorination 501
3 The Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes with Fluorine and Carbon Alloying by Fluorination 502
References 512
Chapter 31. Preparation of Metal-loaded Porous Carbons and Their Use as a Highly Active Catalyst for Reduction of Nitric Oxide (NO) 514
1 Introduction 514
2 Sample Preparation 515
3 Carbonization Behavior of the Resins 516
4 Characterization of Metal Loaded Porous Carbons 517
5 Nitric Oxide Decomposition on Metal Loaded Porous Carbons 519
6 Conclusions 527
References 527
Chapter 32. Formation of a Seaweed Bed Using Carbon Fibers 530
1 Introduction 530
2 Rapid Fixation of Marine Organisms 530
3 Food Chain Through a Carbon Fiber Seaweed Bed 533
4 Formation of an Artificial Bed of Seaweed Using Carbon Fibers 534
References 536
Chapter 33. Carbon/Carbon Composites and Their Properties 538
1 Introduction 538
2 Carbon Fibers and Carbon Coils 539
3 Novel Materials and Control of Micro-structures 542
4 Improvement of Properties and Correlation Between Properties and Microstructures 546
5 Fracture and its Mechanism 553
6 Microstructure Observation 557
7 Concluding Remarks 557
References 558
Chapter 34. Super-hard Materials 560
1 Super-hard Materials 560
2 Diamond-like Carbon 561
3 Carbon Nitride 567
4 Boron Carbonitride (BxCyNz) 571
5 Conclusion 572
References 572
Contributing authors 574
Subject index 578

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 5.3.2003
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Anorganische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Physikalische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Maschinenbau
• ISBN-10: 0-08-052853-8 / 0080528538
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-052853-3 / 9780080528533