Modern Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (eBook)

Theory and Practice

James J.Sheng (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2010 | 1. Auflage
648 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-096163-7 (ISBN)

Infos

Crude oil development and production in U.S. oil reservoirs can include up to three distinct phases: primary, secondary, and tertiary (or enhanced) recovery. During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir or gravity drive oil into the wellbore, combined with artificial lift techniques (such as pumps) which bring the oil to the surface. But only about 10 percent of a reservoir's original oil in place is typically produced during primary recovery. Secondary recovery techniques to the field's productive life generally by injecting water or gas to displace oil and drive it to a production wellbore, resulting in the recovery of 20 to 40 percent of the original oil in place. In the past two decades, major oil companies and research organizations have conducted extensive theoretical and laboratory EOR (enhanced oil recovery) researches, to include validating pilot and field trials relevant to much needed domestic commercial application, while western countries had terminated such endeavours almost completely due to low oil prices. In recent years, oil demand has soared and now these operations have become more desirable. This book is about the recent developments in the area as well as the technology for enhancing oil recovery. The book provides important case studies related to over one hundred EOR pilot and field applications in a variety of oil fields. These case studies focus on practical problems, underlying theoretical and modelling methods, operational parameters (e.g., injected chemical concentration, slug sizes, flooding schemes and well spacing), solutions and sensitivity studies, and performance optimization strategies. The book strikes an ideal balance between theory and practice, and would be invaluable to academicians and oil company practitioners alike. - Updated chemical EOR fundamentals providing clear picture of fundamental concepts - Practical cases with problems and solutions providing practical analogues and experiences - Actual data regarding ranges of operation parameters providing initial design parameters - Step-by-step calculation examples providing practical engineers with convenient procedures

James Sheng is currently a professor in petroleum engineering at Texas Tech University specializing in oil recovery research. Previously, he was a Senior Research Engineer with Total E&P USA, Team Leader Scientist with Baker Hughes, and a reservoir engineer with Shell, Kuwait Oil Company, and the Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development in China. James has authored 2 books, both with Elsevier, over 70 articles, presented over 100 papers worldwide, and earned 4 patents to date. He earned a PhD and MSc from the University of Alberta, and a BSc from the University of Petroleum in China, all in petroleum engineering.

Inhalt

Modern Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery 2
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 6
Preface 14
Acknowledgments 16
Nomenclature 18
Greek Symbols 25
Superscripts 26
Subscripts 27
Chapter 1: Introduction 30
Enhanced Oil Recovery’s Potential 30
Definitions of EOR and IOR 30
General Description of Chemical EOR Processes 33
Performance Evaluation of EOR Processes 34
Screening Criteria for Chemical EOR Processes 37
Naming Conventions and Units 38
Organization of This Book 40
Chapter 2: Transport of Chemicals and Fractional Flow Curve Analysis 42
Introduction 42
Diffusion 42
Dispersion 45
Retardation of Chemicals in Single-Phase Flow 57
Types of Fronts 58
Fractional Flow Curve Analysis of Two-Phase Flow 65
Chapter 3: Salinity Effect and Ion Exchange 80
Introduction 80
Salinity 80
Ion Exchange 83
Low-Salinity Waterflooding in Sandstone Reservoirs 96
Salinity Effect on Waterflooding in Carbonate Reservoirs 102
Chapter 4: Mobility Control Requirement in EOR Processes 108
Introduction 108
Background 108
Setup of Simulation Model 111
Discussion of the CONCEPT OF THE Mobility Control Requirement 113
Theoretical Investigation 119
Numerical Investigation 122
Experimental Justification 125
Further Discussion 128
Chapter 5: Polymer Flooding 130
Introduction 130
Types of Polymers and Polymer-Related Systems 130
Properties of Polymer Solutions 158
Polymer Flow Behavior in Porous Media 177
Displacement Mechanisms in Polymer Flooding 205
Amount of Polymer Injected 206
Performance Analysis by Hall Plot 207
Polymer Mixing and Well Operations Related to Polymer Injection 210
Special Cases, Pilot Tests, and Field Applications of Polymer Flooding 212
Polymer Flooding Experience and Learning in China 231
Chapter 6: Polymer Viscoelastic Behavior and Its Effect on Field Facilities and Operations 236
Introduction 236
Viscoelasticity 236
Polymer Viscoelastic Behavior 241
Observations of Viscoelastic Effect 250
Displacement Mechanisms of Viscoelastic Polymers 256
Effect of Polymer Solution Viscoelasticity on Injection and Production Facilities 261
Chapter 7: Surfactant Flooding 268
Introduction 268
Surfactants 268
Types of Microemulsions 273
Phase Behavior Tests 276
Surfactant Phase Behavior of Microemulsions and IFT 283
Viscosity of Microemulsion 320
Capillary Number 322
Trapping Number 330
Capillary Desaturation Curve 336
Relative Permeabilities in Surfactant Flooding 343
Surfactant Retention 351
Displacement Mechanisms 361
Amount of Surfactant Needed and Process Optimization 363
An Experimental Study of Surfactant Flooding 363
Chapter 8: Optimum Phase Type and Optimum Salinity Profile in Surfactant Flooding 366
Introduction 366
Literature Review 367
Sensitivity Study 374
Further Discussion 389
Optimum Phase Type and Optimum Salinity Profile Concepts 394
Summary 398
Chapter 9: Surfactant-Polymer Flooding 400
Introduction 400
Surfactant-Polymer Competitive Adsorption 400
Surfactant-Polymer Interaction and Compatibility 401
Optimization of Surfactant-Polymer Injection Schemes 408
A Field Case of SP Flooding 413
Chapter 10: Alkaline Flooding 418
Introduction 418
Comparison of Alkalis Used in Alkaline Flooding 418
Alkaline Reaction with Crude Oil 424
Measurement of Acid Number 431
Alkali Interactions with Rock 434
Recovery Mechanisms 449
Simulation of Alkaline Flooding 456
Alkaline Concentration and Slug Size in Field Projects 485
Surveillance and Monitoring in Pilot Testing 487
Application Conditions of Alkaline Flooding 487
Chapter 11: Alkaline-Polymer Flooding 490
Introduction 490
Interaction between Alkali and Polymer 490
Synergy between Alkali and Polymer 495
Field AP Application Example: Liaohe Field 497
Chapter 12: Alkaline-Surfactant Flooding 502
Introduction 502
Phase Behavior Tests for the Alkaline-Surfactant Process 502
Quantitative Representation of Phase Behavior of an Alkaline-Surfactant System 503
Activity Maps 506
Synergy between Alkali and Surfactant 509
Synergy between Alkali and Surfactant in Heavy Oil Recovery 511
pH Effect on Surfactant Adsorption 515
Recovery Mechanisms 521
Simulation of Phase Behavior of the Alkaline-Surfactant System 521
Chapter 13: Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding 530
Introduction 530
Synergy of Alkali, Surfactant, and Polymer 530
Interactions of ASP Fluids and Their Compatibility 530
Relative Permeabilities in ASP 538
Emulsions in ASP Flooding 539
Displacement Mechanisms 550
Design Optimization of ASP Injection Schemes 551
Amounts of Chemicals Injected in Field ASP Projects 552
Vertical Lift Methods in ASP Flooding 555
Problems Associated with ASP 556
ASP Examples of Field Pilots and Applications 565
References 598
Index 630

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.11.2010
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bauwesen
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Bergbau
• Themenwelt: Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-096163-0 / 0080961630
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-096163-7 / 9780080961637