Earth Observation of Global Change (eBook)

The Role of Satellite Remote Sensing in Monitoring the Global Environment

Emilio Chuvieco (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2007 | 2008
XII, 223 Seiten
Springer Netherlands (Verlag)
978-1-4020-6358-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Global Change is increasingly considered a critical topic in environmental research. Remote sensing methods provide a useful tool to monitor global variables, since they provide a systematic coverage of the Earth's surface, at different spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. This book offers an analysis of the leading missions in global Earth observation, and reviews the main fields in which remote sensing methods are providing vital data for global change studies.

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Global Change is increasingly considered a critical topic in environmental research. Remote sensing methods provide a relevant tool to monitor global variables, since they offer a systematic coverage of the Earth Surface, at different spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. The data provided by Earth Observation Satellites are being operationally used for monitoring atmospheric conditions, ice sheets and glaciar movements, crop dynamism and land use changes, deforestation and desertification processes, as well as water conditions. The book includes an analysis of the leading missions in global Earth observation, and then reviews the main fields in which remote sensing methods are providing vital data for global change studies.Audience: Academic libraries, practitioners, professionals, scientists, researchers, lecturers, tutors, graduates, undergraduates

Inhalt

Contents 6
Preface 7
Contributors 9
International Efforts on Global Change Research 11
1.1 Global Change: An Overview 11
1.2 The Time Dimension of Global Change and the Notion of “ Long term” 15
1.3 International Research in Global Change 16
1.4 Global Observing Systems 19
1.4.1 The Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) 19
1.4.2 The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) 20
1.5 International Collaborative Programmes: The Earth System Science Partnership ( ESSP) 20
1.5.1 Diversitas 21
1.5.2 The International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change ( IHDP) 22
1.5.3 The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) 24
1.5.4 The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) 25
1.6 Monitoring Networks and Databases 26
1.6.1 The International Cooperative Programmes (ICP) 26
1.6.2 Long-Term Ecological Research Networks: ILTER and Others 26
1.6.3 Fluxnet 27
1.6.4 The Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring (BRIM) 28
1.6.5 Databases 28
1.7 Conclusions 29
References 29
NASA Earth Observation Satellite Missions for Global Change Research 32
2.1 NASA Earth Observing Agenda 32
2.2 A Review of NASA EO Missions 37
2.2.1 Beginnings 37
2.2.2 Landsat Program 39
2.2.3 Terra and Aqua 42
2.2.4 Other NASA Global Observation Missions 47
2.3 NASA Data Access and Maintenance Policy 48
2.4 Interagency Collaboration in EO Program 50
2.5 The Future of United States EO Policy 53
References 54
The Role of the European Space Agency in Global Change Observations 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Global Observation from Satellites 59
3.3 Local and Regional Observations from Satellite: Land Use and Forestry 64
3.4 Conclusion 65
Ozone in the Atmosphere 66
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Aspects Related with the Dynamic of Ozone 69
4.2.1 Chapman’s Theory 71
4.2.2 Other Reactions of O3 Destruction 72
4.2.3 Polar Stratospheric Clouds 73
4.2.4 Polar Vortex 75
4.2.5 The Ozone Hole 76
4.3 Measurement of Ozone from the Outer Space 77
4.3.1 TOMS Sensor 77
4.3.2 GOME Sensor 82
4.3.3 GOMOS Sensor 83
4.3.4 Tropospheric Ozone 86
4.4 The Erythematic Irradiance 86
4.4.1 Classification of Ultraviolet Radiation 87
4.4.2 Curve of Erythematic Radiation 87
4.4.3 Minimum Exposure Erythematic Dose (MED) 88
4.4.4 Erythematic Irradiance Maps 89
References 90
Remote Sensing of Land-Cover and Land- Use Dynamics 92
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Land-Cover and Land-Use Mapping 94
5.2.1 Data & Methods
5.2.2 Global Products 96
5.2.3 Regional Products 98
5.2.4 Prospects for Future Land-Cover Mapping 98
5.3 Land-Cover & Land-Use Dynamics
5.3.1 Factors of Variation 99
5.3.2 Methodological Issues 100
5.3.3 Tropical Forests 102
5.3.4 Croplands 107
5.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 113
References 114
Satellite Observation of Biomass Burning 116
6.1 The Role of Fire in Global Change Analysis 116
6.2 Contributions of Earth Observation Data 118
6.3 Physical Basis for Satellite Observation of Biomass Burning 119
6.4 Satellite Information for Assessing Fire Risk 121
6.4.1 Fuel Type Mapping 121
6.4.2 Mapping Temporal Patterns of Fuel Moisture 123
6.5 Active Fires Products from Space Observations 125
6.6 Analysis of Fire Effects 129
6.6.1 Burn Area Mapping 130
6.6.2 Determination of Burn Severity 132
6.6.3 Use of Satellite Data for Emission Estimations 133
6.7 Validation of Global Fire Products 135
6.8 Current Challenges for Global Observation of Biomass Burning 137
References 138
Satellites Oceans Observation in Relation to Global Change 150
7.1 Climate Change and its Causes 150
7.2 Climate Measurement 151
7.3 The Role of the Ocean in Climate 151
7.3.1 Ocean Circulation 152
7.4 The Role of Satellites in Measuring Climate Change 158
7.4.1 Passive Versus Active Sensors 158
7.4.2 Passive Sensors and Applications 158
7.4.3 Active Sensors: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 164
7.5 “El Niño and La Niña” 171
7.6 Conclusions 173
References 173
Observing Surface Waters for Global Change Applications 176
8.1 The Importance of Surface Inland Waters and their Sensitivity to Change 176
8.2 Information Requirements of Different Sectors 179
8.2.1 Agriculture 179
8.2.2 Water Management and Sustainable Development 180
8.2.3 Land Use and Planning 180
8.2.4 Ecosystems and Water Quality Assessment 181
8.2.5 Global Biogeochemistry 181
8.2.6 Fisheries and Habitat Management (Aquatic, Terrestrial) 181
8.2.7 Human Health 181
8.2.8 Flood Forecasting 182
8.2.9 Drought Monitoring and Prediction 182
8.2.10 Other Water Cycle Hazards 183
8.3 Review of the Existing Systems and the Potential of Science and Technology to Provide a Basis for Monitoring Surface Waters 183
8.3.1 Precipitation 185
8.3.2 Stream Discharge 185
8.3.3 Soil Moisture 186
8.3.4 Surface Water Storage 187
8.3.5 Water Quality 187
8.3.6 Evaporation 188
8.3.7 Groundwater 189
8.4 Moving Forward 189
8.4.1 The Integrated Global Observing Strategy 190
8.4.2 The Group on Earth Observations 191
8.4.3 GEWEX 191
8.5 Summary and Conclusions 192
References 192
Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Snow and Ice for Global Change Studies 195
9.1 Introduction 195
9.1.1 Measurable Snow and Ice Processes: The Role of Measurements 197
9.1.2 Principles of Remote Sensing of Snow 199
9.2 Application of Remote Sensing for Terrestrial Snow and Ice: Heritage and Current Approaches 204
9.2.1 Snow Cover Extent 204
9.2.2 Snow Water Equivalent 206
9.2.3 Snow Wetness 209
9.2.4 Ice Sheet Surface Temperature and Albedo 209
9.3 Snow and Greenland Ice Sheet Global Change Status from Imaging Remote Sensing Observations 212
9.3.1 Snow Cover Extent 212
9.3.2 Snow Water Equivalent 214
9.3.3 Greenland 216
9.4 Future Directions 216
9.4.1 Combined Remote Sensing Approaches 216
9.4.2 New Imaging Remote Sensing Approaches 217
9.4.3 Combining Remote Sensing and Hydrologic Models to Estimate Snow State Variables 218
References 219
Index 226

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 28.10.2007
• Zusatzinfo: XII, 223 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: biomass • Earth Observation Satellites • ecotoxicology • Environment • Environmental change • global change • Remote Sensing • Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry • Satellite • Snow • Water • Water Quality and Water Pollution
• ISBN-10: 1-4020-6358-X / 140206358X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4020-6358-9 / 9781402063589