Ocean Waves Breaking and Marine Aerosol Fluxes (eBook)

Stanislaw R. Massel (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2007 | 2007
XVI, 316 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-0-387-69092-6 (ISBN)

Infos

This book fills a gap in knowledge of breaking waves and their influence on the generation of marine fluxes from ocean surfaces. Based on published data as well as on the author's experience, the text explores in detail the relationship chain of breaking waves, whitecaps coverage, rate of wave energy dissipation, amount of aerosol fluxes rising from a given sea basin, and possible seasonal variations.

Stanislaw Massel is currently a professor and the Director of the Institute of Oceanology in Sopot Poland.

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The atmosphere and the ocean form a coupled system which exchanges heat, momentum and water at the air-sea interface. The interface is dynamic and masses and energy are continually transferred across the air-sea interface. The energy ?ow from the atmosphere to the ocean generates an aerodynamically rough sea surface. If the energy ?ow is su?ciently intense, at some points the surface waves will lose their stability and eventually break. Breaking is a very localized and non-stationary phenomenon that is a source of vorticity and turbulence. Dissipated energy becomes available for mixing the water layers and for whitecapping of various scales. Whitecapping is a strongly nonlinear process, which involves instability of the surface waves with space and time scales several orders of magnitude smaller than those associated with gravity wave motion. Whitecaps are usually formed at or near the crests of the larger waves and occur in groups with successive crests breaking downwind of one another. Wave breaking is the dominant generator of the 'primary' marine aerosol (sea salt) and it is a major factor in the air-sea exchange of gases (including carbon dioxide). Most of the aerosol generated from natural waters is in the form of jet and ?lm drops from the bursting of air bubbles (Monahan and Van Patten, 1989). The enriched aerosols associated with the ejected droplets are very - portant in maintaining a source of salt-laden cloud condensation nuclei as well asinterfacial?uxesoftraceconstituents,includingbacteria,viruses,heavym- als, radioactivity and organic material (Kerman, 1986).

Inhalt

Preface 7
Contents 10
Chapter 1 Basic processes near the air–sea interface 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Sea water 17
1.3 The state of matter near the interface 20
Chapter 2 Mechanics of steep and breaking waves 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Theory of the almost-highest waves 26
2.3 Instabilities of uniform wave trains 30
2.4 Numerical modelling of steep waves and their evolution to breaking 37
Chapter 3 Spectral and statistical properties of ocean waves 44
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Spectral properties of ocean waves 45
3.3 Statistical properties of ocean waves 57
Chapter 4 Experimental insights into mechanisms of wave breaking 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Definitions of parameters of steep and breaking waves 88
4.3 Field observations on wave breaking 91
4.4 Laboratory experiments on wave breaking 99
4.5 Physical simulation of extreme ocean waves in large scale 117
4.6 Detection of breaking in a given wave record 120
4.7 Summary of experimental data 128
Chapter 5 Wave breaking criteria and probability of breaking 133
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Limiting wave steepness criterion 135
5.3 Limiting vertical acceleration criterion 140
5.4 Kinematic breaking criterion 161
5.5 Probability of wave breaking for modulated second- order Stokes waves 165
Chapter 6 Energy dissipation due to wave breaking 168
6.1 Introduction 168
6.2 Experiments on the rates of energy dissipation in breaking waves 169
6.3 Theoretical models of wave energy dissipation 175
6.4 Summary of formulae for wave energy dissipation 190
Chapter 7 Whitecap coverage of the sea surface 193
7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 Experimental data on whitecap coverage 194
7.3 Theoretical models of whitecap coverage 203
7.4 Summary of data and theoretical formulae on whitecap coverage 214
Chapter 8 Fundamentals of marine aerosols 217
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Bubble entrainment in breaking waves 218
8.3 Definitions of aerosol particle size, concentrations, fluxes and spray generation functions 220
8.4 Mechanisms of aerosol production 226
8.5 Remarks on influence of marine aerosols on climate 235
Chapter 9 Marine aerosol fluxes 239
9.1 General considerations 239
9.2 Methods of determining size-dependent sea spray generation functions 240
Chapter 10 Aerosol flux as a function of sea state parameters 257
10.1 Introduction 257
10.2 Governing relationships 258
10.3 Dependence of energy dissipation rate on sea state parameters 259
10.4 Dependence of whitecap coverage on sea state parameters 262
10.5 Dependence of aerosol flux on sea state parameters 263
10.6 Dimensional analysis of aerosol flux from the sea surface 267
10.7 Alternative representation of aerosol flux 268
Chapter 11 Seasonal dependence of aerosol fluxes in the Baltic Sea 271
11.1 Introduction 271
11.2 Wind field in the Baltic Sea 271
11.3 Wave climate in the Baltic Sea 273
11.4 Seasonal dependence of the aerosol budget over the Baltic Sea 274
Appendix A Amplitudes 281
Appendix B Wavelet transform 282
B.1 Introduction 282
B.2 Definition of wavelets 283
B.3 Time and frequency resolution in wavelets 284
B.4 Energy properties of wavelets 285
Appendix C Hilbert transform and instantaneous frequency 287
C.1 Definition of Hilbert transform 287
C.2 Digital computation of Hilbert transform 288
C.3 Stream function as a Hilbert transform of velocity potential 288
C.4 Instantaneous frequency 289
Appendix D Relationships between spectral moments and sea state parameters 291
D.1 Spectral moments as a function of non- dimensional wind fetch 291
D.2 Spectral moments as a function of significant wave height and peak frequency 293
References 294
Symbols and Notations 314
Author Index 319
Subject Index 325

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 10.10.2007
• Reihe/Serie: Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library
• Reihe/Serie: Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library
• Zusatzinfo: XVI, 316 p.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Hydrologie / Ozeanografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Meteorologie / Klimatologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Aerosol • air pollution and air quality • Dissipation • Marine • ocean • Remote Sensing • Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry • scale • Wind • Wind speed
• ISBN-10: 0-387-69092-1 / 0387690921
• ISBN-13: 978-0-387-69092-6 / 9780387690926