Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions (eBook)

Southeastern Europe

Georgi Zhelezov (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2011 | 2011
XIV, 291 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-94-007-0131-1 (ISBN)

Infos

The mountain regions in Southeastern Europe are unique natural regions of great beauty and ecological value, and home of the head waters of major rivers. They constitute a major ecological, economic, cultural, recreational and living environment in Europe, shared by numerous cultures and countries. The Southeastern European Mountain Regions are an important reservoir for biodiversity and habitats in Europe. A great number of protected areas - national parks, nature parks, reserves and nature monuments are located in these regions. From a socio-economic point of view the mountain regions are among the poorest areas in the Southeastern European countries, but they have potential for the implementation of successful economic activities. There are opportunities for development of these regions and, in particular, for trans-border integration and co-operation.

This book brings together research results from experts from all Balkan countries working on the problems of the mountain regions in Southeastern Europe. The volume focuses on the challenges taking place along the rapid transformation in land use, biodiversity, tourism, nature risk and bio-productivity due to the global changes and particularly due to the local impacts of climate change. The key questions for discussion are:

- Biodiversity, nature protection and conservation

- Natural disasters and risk management

- Social-economical development of the mountain regions

- Spatial planning in the development of the mountain regions

- Sustainable practices and politics for land use

- Transborder co-operation.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 10
Part I Global Problems and Mountain Regions 14
1 Scientific Research Basis for Sustainable Development of the Mountain Regions: Main Concepts and Basic Theories 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Research Base for Sustainable Development of Mountain Regions 16
1.3 PSR and DPSIR Models Require Transdisciplinarity 18
1.4 Conclusions 19
References 19
2 Solar Activity Climate Change and Natural Disasters in Mountain Regions 20
2.1 Background 20
2.2 Heliocentric Hypothesis on Forest Fires 24
2.3 Conclusion 26
References 27
3 Mass Movement Processes Under Changing Climatic and Socioeconomic Conditions 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 The Matrix of Mass Movement Processes and Triggering Parameters 30
3.2.1 Basics 30
3.2.2 The Event of 2005 (Communities of Gasen and Haslau, Austria) 31
3.3 Climate Change Facts and Assumptions 32
3.4 Socioeconomic Development and Rising Disadvantages 34
3.5 Working with Scenarios -- An Approach 37
3.6 Conclusions 38
References 39
Part II Nature Resources and Land Use in Mountain Regions 40
4 Mountains and Mountain Regions in Bulgaria 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Arguments 42
4.3 Criteria 44
4.4 Results 45
4.5 Conclusion 47
References 47
5 The Natural Potential of Mountains in Bulgaria and Its Sustainable Use 48
5.1 Former Studies on the Natural Potential of the Mountains in Bulgaria 49
5.2 Assessment of Natural Potential by Components for Various Economic Purposes 51
5.2.1 Assessment of Relief 51
5.2.2 Assessment of Climate 55
5.2.3 Assessment of Water 62
5.2.4 Assessment of the Soils, Vegetation and Animal World 64
5.2.5 Complex Assessment of Mountain Landscapes 65
5.3 Assessment of the Possibilities for Sustainable Utilization of the Natural Potential of the Mountains 66
5.4 Conclusion 68
References 68
6 Morphometry and Land Use on the Mountains in Republic of Macedonia 70
6.1 Introduction 70
6.2 Methodology 71
6.3 Basic Morphometric Characteristics 72
6.4 Basic Land-Use Characteristics 73
6.4.1 Hypsometry and Land Use 75
6.4.2 Slopes and Land Use 76
6.4.3 Aspects and Land Use 78
6.5 Conclusion 79
References 79
7 Usage of the Mountain Areas in the Republic of Macedonia 81
7.1 Introduction 81
7.2 Population as a Precondition for Area Usage 82
7.3 Size of Villages According to Population Number 84
7.4 Usage of the Areas of Mountain Villages 86
7.5 Conclusion 89
References 89
8 Landscape Structure and Ecosystem Services of Etropole Municipality 91
8.1 Introduction 91
8.2 Study Area 93
8.3 Materials and Methods 94
8.4 Results 95
8.5 Conclusion 98
References 98
9 Evaluation of the Avalanche Danger in Northwest Rila Mountain 100
9.1 Introduction 100
9.2 Avalanche and Avalanche Danger 101
9.3 Conclusions 106
References 106
10 Management of Snow Avalanche Risk in the Ski Areas of the Southern Carpathians-Romanian Carpathians 107
Case Study: The Bâlea (Fagaras Massif) and Sinaia (Bucegi Mountains) Ski Areas 107
10.1 Introduction 107
10.2 General Facts of the Studied Area 108
10.3 Terrain and Climatic Analysis as Favourable Elements for Ski Practices 110
10.3.1 Terrain Factors 111
10.3.2 Climatic Variables 114
10.4 The Management of Snow Avalanche Risk 117
10.5 Conclusions 122
References 123
11 BEO Moussala -- A New Facility for Complex Environment Studies 126
11.1 Introduction 127
11.1.1 Climate Notes 127
11.1.2 The Station Chronology 128
11.2 Environmental Measurements at BEO Moussala 129
11.2.1 Automatic Weather Station (AWS) 130
11.2.2 Atmospheric Gas Analysis System 131
11.2.3 BEO Moussala Aerosol Measurement and Devices 133
11.2.3.1 Scanning Mobility Particles Sizer 133
11.2.3.2 Nephelometer TSI3563 133
11.2.4 System for Measurements of Radioactivity in Aerosols 133
11.2.5 BEO Moussala Gamma Background Measurement 135
11.3 Cosmic Ray Research at BEO Moussala 135
11.3.1 Muon Telescope 135
11.3.2 Neutron Flux Meter 137
11.3.3 SEVAN 137
11.3.4 Cerenkov Light Telescope 137
11.4 Telecommunication and Information System INRNE-BEO 137
11.5 The BEO Moussala and the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) Data 138
11.6 Environmental and Ecotoxicological Investigations at the Vicinity of BEO Moussala 138
11.7 Conclusion 142
References 142
12 Researches of Field Evidence for Late Quaternary Climate Changes in the Highest Mountains of Bulgaria 143
12.1 Introduction 143
12.2 Bulgarian Mountains -- A Target Area for Paleoclimatic Researches 144
12.3 Types of Indicators and Research Methods 146
12.4 Previous Geographical Studies in Rila and Pirin 146
12.5 Our Latest Research Review of Achieved Results 148
12.5.1 Researching Environmental Conditions of the Past -- The Glacial Evidence 148
12.5.2 Monitoring of Present Geomorphic and Hydrological Processes 151
12.6 The Future -- Prospects and Expectations 154
12.7 Conclusion 156
References 156
Part III Social, Economic and Regional Problems of Mountain Regions 158
13 Demographic Potential and Problems of the Settlements Network in the Mountains of Bulgaria 159
References 171
14 Demographic Limits to Sustainable Development ofINTtie Mountain Regions inINTtie
14.1 Introduction 172
14.2 The Analysis 174
14.3 The Future 179
14.4 Instead of Conclusion 181
References 181
15 Regional Differences and Regional Planning of Economic Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina 183
15.1 Introduction 183
15.2 Methodology of Research 184
15.3 Socio-economic Transformation and Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina since the Mid-20th Century 184
15.4 Modern Regional Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina 188
15.5 Conclusion 191
References 191
16 On the Sunny Side of the Alps: Slovenian Mountains and Their Perspectives 192
16.1 The Characteristics of the Mountain Areas in Slovenia 192
16.1.1 Definition of the Mountain Areas in Slovenia 193
16.2 Mountain Policy in Slovenia 194
16.2.1 Agriculture 195
16.2.2 Forestry 196
16.2.3 Mining 196
16.2.4 Tourism 196
16.2.5 Protected Areas 197
16.2.6 Natural Hazards and Measures 198
16.2.7 Traffic 198
16.2.8 NGO Participation in the Mountain Areas 199
Bibliography 199
17 Impact of Macroeconomic Changes and Property Rights on Forest Degradation, Land Use and Environmental Situation in Albania 200
17.1 Historical Land Tenure in Albania 201
17.1.1 Privatization of Agricultural Land 201
17.2 Main Land Tenure Issues 202
17.2.1 Land Fragmentation 202
17.3 Effects of Land Reforms on Land Use in Albania After 1991 203
17.3.1 Land Cover 203
17.3.2 Forest Degradation 205
17.3.3 Pasture Degradation 209
17.4 Conclusions 210
References 211
18 Sustainable Development in the Eastern Black Sea Mountains: PresentINTtie State andINTtie
18.1 Introduction 212
18.2 The Eastern Black Sea Region 214
18.2.1 Settlement System 215
18.2.2 The Economy 215
18.3 The Eastern Black Sea Regional Development Plan (DOKAP) and Sustainable Mountain Development 216
18.3.1 Legislative Basis 217
18.3.2 Design 217
18.3.3 Objectives, Rationale, and General Description 217
18.3.4 Financing 218
18.3.5 Administration of the Plan 218
18.4 The Project Achievements 219
18.4.1 Accessibility and Mountain Development 219
18.4.2 Tourism and Mountain Development 219
18.4.3 The Ka231kar Mountains National Park: A Model for Sustainable Mountain Development 220
18.5 Conclusion 221
References 222
19 Changes in the Ethnic and Demographic Profile of the Population in Eastern Stara Planina Region 223
19.1 General Notes 223
19.2 The Turkish Ethnic Group 225
19.3 The Bulgarian and the Roma Ethnic Groups 227
19.4 Classification and Grouping 230
References 232
Part IV Nature Protection and Conservation 233
20 Applying Integrated Nature Conservation Management: Visitor Management and Monitoring of Winter Recreation Activities Focusing Grouse Species in Berchtesgaden National Park 234
20.1 Introduction and Background 234
20.2 Study Area and Objects 237
20.3 Protected Area Berchtesgaden National Park 238
20.4 Winter Recreation: Ski-Touring and Snow-Shoeing 240
20.5 Wildlife: Grouse Species 240
20.6 Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ski-Touring and Snow-Shoeing 240
20.7 Visitor Numbers and Temporal Performance Pattern 241
20.8 Spatial Presence 243
20.9 Conflicts and Integrated Management Measures 244
20.10 Outlook 246
References 246
21 Human Pressure on the Environment in the Munii Maramureului Natural Park 249
21.1 Introduction 249
21.2 Human Impact in the Munii Maramureului Natural Park 251
21.2.1 Settlements Expansion 251
21.2.2 Over-Grazing 253
21.2.3 Deforestation 254
21.2.4 Mining Activities 258
21.2.5 Tourist Activities 260
21.3 Conclusion 262
References 262
Part V Networks and Strategies for Mountain Regions 264
22 Models and Strategies for Sustainable Management of Mountain Territories in Central and Southeastern Europe 265
22.1 Introduction 265
22.2 Specific Mountain Legislation 266
22.2.1 Mountain Law in Southeast European Countries 266
22.3 Regional Conventions 267
22.3.1 Alps Convention 267
22.3.2 Initiative Carpathian Ecoregion (Carpathian Convention) 267
22.4 Transborder Initiatives between Bulgaria and Neighbour Countries 268
22.4.1 Transborder Ecological Network between Bulgaria and Greece 268
22.4.2 Euroregion in Western Balkan Mountain between Bulgaria and Serbia 268
22.4.3 Green Network Strandzha/Yildiz between Bulgaria and Turkey 268
22.4.4 International Cooperation of Bulgarian Mountain Regions 269
22.4.4.1 Centres and Programmes for Education 270
22.4.4.2 Funding 270
References 271
23 Science Networks for Global Change in Mountain Regions: The Mountain Research Initiative 272
23.1 Origin of the Mountain Research Initiative 272
23.1.1 Actions at Global Level: Design of an International Research Agenda 273
23.1.2 Implementing the GLOCHAMORE Research Strategy 274
23.2 MRI Europe: A Regional Network for Global Change Research in Mountains 274
23.2.1 Science for the Carpathians: Working towards a Research Agenda for the Carpathians 276
23.2.2 South Eastern European Mountain Research Network 277
References 278
Index 279

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 5.1.2011
• Zusatzinfo: XIV, 291 p.
• Verlagsort: Dordrecht
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Mineralogie / Paläontologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Balkan Convention • Climate Change Management • Economic geology • Mountains • Scientific Cooperation • Southeastern Europe • sustainable development
• ISBN-10: 94-007-0131-4 / 9400701314
• ISBN-13: 978-94-007-0131-1 / 9789400701311