The Polish Climate in the European Context: An Historical Overview (eBook)
XVIII, 535 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-3167-9 (ISBN)
Reconstruction of the climate variability of the past 500 years is a topic of great scientific interest not only in global terms, but also at regional and local levels. This period is interesting on account of the increasing influence of anthropogenic forcing and its overlap with natural factors. The Polish Climate in the European Context: An Historical Overview summarises the results of research into climate variability based on a combination of instrumental, documentary, dendrochronological and borehole data from Poland.
The first part of the book provides a Central European perspective of research in these fields, which forms the general background for a presentation of the state of the art of climatic change studies in Poland during the past 500 years (Part 2). This is followed by a selection of papers dealing mainly with different aspects of climate variability in Poland and Central Europe (Part 3).
'This book is a valuable tool integrating Polish, Central and Eastern European climate research into the global context. It is, as such, a must for climate researchers worldwide.' (Gaston Demarée, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium)
'This volume marks a significant step forward in our understanding of European climatic history.' (Christian Pfister, University of Bern)
Reconstruction of the climate variability of the past 500 years is a topic of great scientific interest not only in global terms, but also at regional and local levels. This period is interesting on account of the increasing influence of anthropogenic forcing and its overlap with natural factors. The Polish Climate in the European Context: An Historical Overview summarises the results of research into climate variability based on a combination of instrumental, documentary, dendrochronological and borehole data from Poland. The first part of the book provides a Central European perspective of research in these fields, which forms the general background for a presentation of the state of the art of climatic change studies in Poland during the past 500 years (Part 2). This is followed by a selection of papers dealing mainly with different aspects of climate variability in Poland and Central Europe (Part 3)."e;This book is a valuable tool integrating Polish, Central and Eastern European climate research into the global context. It is, as such, a must for climate researchers worldwide."e; (Gaston Demare, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium)"e;This volume marks a significant step forward in our understanding of European climatic history."e; (Christian Pfister, University of Bern)
Przybylak_Frontmatter 1
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Przybylak_Ch01 17
Chapter 1 18
Climate Change in Poland in the Past Centuries and its Relationship to European Climate: Evidence from Reconstructions and Coup 18
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 Data 22
1.2.1 Instrumental and Reconstructed Data 22
1.2.1.1 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 23
1.2.1.2 East Atlantic/Western Russia Pattern (EA/WRUS) 24
1.2.1.3 Scandinavian Pattern (SCAND) 24
1.2.2 Model Data 24
1.2.2.1 ECHO-G Temperature and Precipitation Data 24
1.2.2.2 HadCM3 Temperature and Precipitation Data 25
1.3 Methods 26
1.3.1 Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) 26
1.4 Results and Discussions 27
1.4.1 Comparing Winter Temperature and Precipitation Over Poland and European Land Areas in Reconstructions and in the Model 27
1.4.2 Spatial Correlation Analysis Between Polish Winter Precipitation and Temperature with Teleconnection Indices 36
1.4.3 CCA Between Winter Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation and Winter Climate Variability in Poland Back to 1750 Using Reco 39
1.4.3.1 CCA SLP-Polish Winter Temperature 39
1.4.3.2 CCA SLP-Polish Winter Precipitation 43
1.5 Discussions and Conclusions 48
References 49
Przybylak_Ch02 55
Chapter 2 55
Historical Climate in Central Europe During the Last 500 Years 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Instrumental and Proxy Climatological Data 57
2.3 Methods of Climate Reconstruction 62
2.4 Temperature and Precipitation Series Based on Documentary Evidence in Central Europe for the Last 500 Years 65
2.5 Temperature and Precipitation in Central Europe Since AD 1500 – Discussion 66
2.5.1 Air Temperature 66
2.5.2 Precipitation 71
2.5.3 Caveats for Temperature/Precipitation Reconstruction 74
2.5.3.1 Deriving Index Series 74
2.5.3.2 Reconstruction Methods 77
2.5.3.3 High- and Low-Frequency Signals 78
2.6 Perspectives on Further Research in Central Europe 78
References 79
Przybylak_Ch03 85
Chapter 3 85
Climatic Variations in the East European Plain During the Last Millennium: State of the Art 85
3.1 Introduction: Climate of the East European Plain 85
3.2 Materials and Methods 87
3.3 Instrumental Data 93
3.3.1 Mean Annual Temperature 93
3.3.2 Annual Precipitation 95
3.4 Historical Data 95
3.4.1 Documentary Evidence of Climate Changes in the East European Plain 95
3.4.2 Quantitative Estimate of Climate Changes in the East European Plain Using Historical Data 97
3.5 Tree-Ring Data 100
3.5.1 Summer Temperature Reconstructions 100
3.5.2 Precipitation and Runoff Reconstructions 101
3.6 Borehole Temperatures 102
3.7 Palynological Data 102
3.8 Hydrological Data 104
3.9 Multi-proxy Reconstruction 105
3.10 Discussion 108
3.11 Concluding Remarks 111
References 112
Przybylak_Ch04 116
Chapter 4 116
The Climate of Europe in Recent Centuries in the Context of the Climate of Mid to High Latitude Northern Hemisphere from Boreh 116
4.1 Introduction 116
4.2 Method 121
4.2.1 Ramp Model 122
4.2.2 Inversion Methods 125
4.2.3 Comparison with Temperature Variations from GCM 128
4.3 Variability of GST Warming 129
4.4 Polish and European Recent GST Warming 134
References 137
Chapter 5 1
Instrumental Observations 1
5.1 History of Early-Instrumental Observations 1
5.2 History of Some Long-Term Continuous Meteorological Series 1
5.2.1 Air Temperature 1
5.2.2 Atmospheric Precipitation 1
5.2.3 Atmospheric Pressure 1
5.2.4 Other Meteorological Variables 1
5.3 Climate Changes in the Instrumental Period 1
5.3.1 Air Temperature 1
5.3.2 Atmospheric Precipitation 1
5.3.3 Other Variables 1
5.4 Conclusions 1
References 1
Chapter 6 1
Documentary Evidence 1
6.1 Introduction 1
6.2 Documentary Sources – Kinds and Quality 1
6.2.1 The Middle Ages 1
6.2.2 The Sixteenth Century 1
6.2.3 The Seventeenth Century 1
6.2.4 The Eighteenth Century 1
6.2.5 A Concise Typology of Sources for the Period from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 1
6.2.6 Territorial Distribution of Records 1
6.2.7 Chronological Distribution of Records 1
6.3 History of Poland’s Climate in the Last Millennium 1
6.3.1 Air Temperature 1
6.3.2 Precipitation 1
6.4 Conclusions 1
References 1
Przybylak_Ch07 203
Chapter 7 203
Dendrochronological Data 203
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Material and Methods 211
7.2.1 Sampling 211
7.2.2 Material 212
7.2.3 Methods 213
7.2.3.1 Measurement and Basic Statistical Methods 213
7.2.3.2 Signature Years 213
7.2.3.3 Reconstruction 214
7.2.3.4 Others 217
7.3 Results and Discussion 218
7.4 Conclusions 225
References 225
Przybylak_Ch08 230
Chapter 8 230
Geophysical Data 230
8.1 Introduction 230
8.2 Review of GST Reconstruction in Poland Using Geothermal Data 231
8.3 GST History from Joint Inversion 233
8.4 Concluding Remarks 235
References 236
Przybylak_Ch09 238
Chapter 9 238
Concluding Remarks to Part II 238
References 240
Przybylak_Ch10 243
Chapter 10 244
Long-Term Changes of Bioclimatic Conditions in Cracow (Poland) 244
10.1 Introduction 244
10.2 Materials and Methods 244
10.3 Bioclimatic Indices Used 245
10.4 Results 247
10.4.1 Reconstruction of Bioclimatic Conditions for the Years 1826–1900 247
10.4.2 Fluctuations of Bioclimatic Conditions 248
10.5 Discussion 251
10.6 Conclusions 252
References 254
Przybylak_Ch11 256
Chapter 11 256
Climate Warming in the Czech Republic: Evidence Stored in Shallow Subsurface 256
11.1 Introduction 256
11.2 Rationale 257
11.3 Subsurface Temperature Monitoring 259
11.4 Monitoring Temperatures 259
11.5 Surface and Near Surface Effects 263
11.5.1 Snow Cover and Ground Freezing 263
11.5.2 Rain Precipitation 268
11.6 Meteorological Data and Regional Warming Pattern 270
11.7 Conclusions 272
References 274
Przybylak_Ch12 276
Chapter 12 276
History of the Gdansk Pre-Instrumental and Instrumental Record of Meteorological Observations and Analysis of Selected Air Pr 276
12.1 Introduction 276
12.2 We Have Known About This for Years 278
12.3 That Was the Beginning According to New Findings 279
12.4 The Gdansk Air Pressure Series – Evaluation of Metadata 286
12.4.1 Reinick Series 287
12.4.2 Kleefeld Series 288
12.4.3 Neufahrwasser Series 289
12.5 Reduction of the Pressure 289
12.6 Selected Statistical Analyses of the Pressure Series 290
12.7 Summary 299
References 300
Przybylak_Ch13 303
Chapter 13 303
A Composite Reconstruction of the Russian Arctic Climate Back to A.D. 1435 303
References 332
Przybylak_Ch14 335
Chapter 14 335
Growth/Climate Relationships in Tree-Ring Widths of Picea Abies in Lithuania and Poland 335
14.1 Introduction 335
14.1.1 Aim of Study 335
14.1.2 Climate of Study Area 336
14.2 Material and Methods 336
14.2.1 Tree Sites and Sampling Method 336
14.2.2 Local Chronologies 337
14.2.3 Regionalisation 338
14.2.4 Dendroclimatological Analysis 338
14.3 Results and Discussion 339
14.3.1 Dendroclimatological Regionalisation 339
14.3.2 Growth/Climate Relationships 341
14.4 Conclusions 346
References 347
Przybylak_Ch15 349
Chapter 15 349
Multi-Annual Variability of Cloudiness and Sunshine Duration in Cracow Between 1826 and 2005 349
15.1 Introduction 349
15.2 Cloudiness 349
15.3 Clear and Overcast Days 353
15.4 Sunshine Duration 354
15.5 Results and Conclusions 359
References 360
Przybylak_Ch16 362
Chapter 16 362
Changes in Sea Surface Temperature of the South Baltic Sea (1854–2005) 362
16.1 Stating the Problem 362
16.2 Data 364
16.3 The Course of Mean Annual Value of SST of the Baltic Sea 367
16.4 Correlation Between Sea Surface Temperatures with NAO 370
16.5 Correlations of SST with the Frequency of Occurrence of Synoptic Situations of a Certain Type 373
16.6 Relations of Air Temperature Over Coastal Areas with SST 374
16.7 The Problem of Climatic Signal in Series of Values of Mean Annual SST of the Baltic Sea 376
References 379
Przybylak_Ch17 382
Chapter 17 382
Ground Surface Temperature Histories Reconstructed from Boreholes in Poland: Implications for Spatial Variability 382
17.1 Introduction 382
17.2 Inverse Method 383
17.2.1 Forward Model 384
17.2.2 Inverse Technique 385
17.2.3 Regularizing Operators 387
17.2.4 Data Preparation 387
17.3 Results and Discussion 388
17.4 Conclusions 391
References 393
Przybylak_Ch18 395
Chapter 18 395
Precipitation Extremes and Disastrous Floods in Central Europe in July 1897 395
18.1 Introduction 395
18.2 Precipitation Extremes 395
18.3 Floods and Their Impacts 397
18.4 Conclusion 401
References 402
Przybylak_Ch19 403
Chapter 19 403
Summer Temperatures in the Tatra Mountains During the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715) 403
19.1 Introduction 403
19.2 Summer Temperatures During the Maunder Minimum and During the Adjacent Periods 404
19.2.1 Relatively Cool Period Preceding the Maunder Minimum (1576–1675) 404
19.2.2 The First Phase of the Maunder Minimum (1645–1675) 406
19.3 The Late Maunder Minimum (1676–1715) 407
19.3.1 The Warm Phase of the Late Maunder Minimum (1676–1688) 407
19.3.2 The Cool Phase of the Late Maunder Minimum (1689–1699) 408
19.3.3 The Last Phase of the Late Maunder Minimum (1700–1715) 409
19.4 The Periods After the Maunder Minimum (1716–1820) 409
19.5 Conclusions 409
References 410
Przybylak_Ch20 413
Chapter 20 413
Seasonal Differentiation of Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature in Cracow and Prague in the Period 1836–2007 413
20.1 Introduction 413
20.2 Data and Methods 415
20.3 The Tendencies of Change of Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature 416
20.4 The Tendencies of Change of the Number of Hot Days (Tmax > 25°C) and Very Hot Days (Tmax >
20.5 Tendencies of Change of Frosty Days (Tmax < 0°C) and Days with Severe Frost (Tmax <
20.6 Discussion and Conclusions 423
References 426
Przybylak_Ch21 428
Chapter 21 428
Climate Changes in the Central and North-Eastern Parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1656 to 1685 428
21.1 Introduction 428
21.2 Area of Investigations 429
21.3 Data and Methods 431
21.3.1 Historical Period 431
21.3.2 Correction Procedure 435
21.3.2.1 Procedure for Temperature Corrections for the Period 1668–1685 435
Annual Data 435
Monthly Data 437
21.3.2.2 Procedure for the correction of number of days with precipitation for the periods 1656–1657 and 1668–1685 437
Monthly and Annual Data 437
21.3.3 The Contemporary Period 438
21.4 Results and Discussion 438
21.4.1 Air Temperature 438
21.4.2 Atmospheric Precipitation 441
21.5 Summary and Conclusions 446
References 447
Przybylak_Ch22 449
Chapter 22 449
The Climate of Polish Lands as Viewed by Chroniclers, Writers and Scientists 449
22.1 Introduction 449
22.2 Weather Accounts in Chronicles 450
22.3 Examples of Weather Descriptions in Historical Novels and Romances 452
22.4 The Weather Observation Series in the Period of Non-Instrumental Observations 453
22.5 The Weather Observation Series in the Instrumental Period 454
22.6 The Importance of Systematic Weather Reporting for Science, as Exemplified by the Galician Network of Meteorological S 455
22.7 Conclusions 459
References 460
Chapter 23 1
Observations and Measurements of Precipitation in the Polish Province of Galicia in the Nineteenth Century 1
23.1 Introduction 1
23.2 Observations and Measurements of Precipitation Until the Mid Nineteenth Century 1
23.3 Observations of Precipitation in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century 1
23.3.1 Instrumental Observations in Cracow 1
23.3.2 Organisation of a Network of Weather Stations and Precipitation Posts 1
23.4 Nineteenth Century Pluvial Conditions in the Light of Observations and Measurements from Cracow 1
23.5 Conclusions 1
References 1
Przybylak_Ch24 476
Chapter 24 476
Variability of the European Climate on the Basis of Differentiation of Indicators of Continentalism 476
24.1 Introduction 476
24.2 Material and Methods 477
24.3 Thermal Continentality 479
24.4 Pluvial Continentality 481
24.5 Climate Continentalism in Relation to Atmospheric Circulation Patterns 483
24.6 Conclusions 485
References 487
Przybylak_Ch25 488
Chapter 25 488
The First One Hundred Years (1791–1890) of the Wroc aw Air Temperature Series 488
25.1 Introduction 488
25.2 The Beginnings of the Wroc aw Air Temperature Series 489
25.3 The Correction of the Influence of Location Changes on Air Temperature Measurements in Wroc aw in the Nineteenth Centu 490
25.4 Other Corrections of the Wroc aw Air Temperature Series 492
25.5 Discussion of Results 495
25.6 Temperature Measurements in Other Silesian Stations 496
25.7 Conclusions 526
References 527
Przybylak_Backmatter 528
Chapter 5 141
Instrumental Observations 141
5.1 History of Early-Instrumental Observations 141
5.2 History of Some Long-Term Continuous Meteorological Series 156
5.2.1 Air Temperature 156
5.2.2 Atmospheric Precipitation 157
5.2.3 Atmospheric Pressure 158
5.2.4 Other Meteorological Variables 159
5.3 Climate Changes in the Instrumental Period 161
5.3.1 Air Temperature 162
5.3.2 Atmospheric Precipitation 167
5.3.3 Other Variables 169
5.4 Conclusions 171
References 172
Chapter 6 179
Documentary Evidence 179
6.1 Introduction 179
6.2 Documentary Sources – Kinds and Quality 182
6.2.1 The Middle Ages 184
6.2.2 The Sixteenth Century 185
6.2.3 The Seventeenth Century 186
6.2.4 The Eighteenth Century 187
6.2.5 A Concise Typology of Sources for the Period from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 188
6.2.6 Territorial Distribution of Records 189
6.2.7 Chronological Distribution of Records 189
6.3 History of Poland’s Climate in the Last Millennium 189
6.3.1 Air Temperature 190
6.3.2 Precipitation 194
6.4 Conclusions 196
References 197
Chapter 23 461
Observations and Measurements of Precipitation in the Polish Province of Galicia in the Nineteenth Century 461
23.1 Introduction 461
23.2 Observations and Measurements of Precipitation Until the Mid Nineteenth Century 462
23.3 Observations of Precipitation in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century 463
23.3.1 Instrumental Observations in Cracow 463
23.3.2 Organisation of a Network of Weather Stations and Precipitation Posts 466
23.4 Nineteenth Century Pluvial Conditions in the Light of Observations and Measurements from Cracow 469
23.5 Conclusions 472
References 474
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 3.12.2009 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XVIII, 535 p. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie | |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | Borehole temperatures • climate change • Climatic Change • Cloud • cloudiness • Dendroclimatology • Europe • Historical climatology • Poland and Europe • precipitation • Temperature |
| ISBN-10 | 90-481-3167-7 / 9048131677 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-90-481-3167-9 / 9789048131679 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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