Tropical Fire Ecology (eBook)
XXXVIII, 682 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-77381-8 (ISBN)
This book is a global synthesis of fire in tropical ecosystems. In detailing the fire situations of 17 tropical systems, it discusses all relevant subjects ranging from causes of fire to human land use and climate change to long range implications.
Professor Mark A. Cochrane is eminently qualified to explain in detail the historic and current fire situations in the tropics. He is internationally renowned for the documentation of the characteristics, behavior and ecological effects of fire in tropical forests. His research focuses on understanding spatial patterns, interactions and synergisms between the multiple physical and biological factors that affect ecosystems. His recent published work has emphasized human dimensions of land-cover change and the potential for sustainable development and it has been instrumental in the Brazilian government's recent (2003) program to increase its national forest system in the Amazon to 50 million hectares. In current research programs, Professor Cochrane investigates the drivers and effects of disturbance regime changes resulting from various forms of forest degradation, including fire, fragmentation and logging. He is the President of the Association for Fire Ecology of the Tropics (AFET) and has written and edited several books and articles in influential scientific publications about fire in tropical forests.
Professor Mark A. Cochrane is eminently qualified to explain in detail the historic and current fire situations in the tropics. He is internationally renowned for the documentation of the characteristics, behavior and ecological effects of fire in tropical forests. His research focuses on understanding spatial patterns, interactions and synergisms between the multiple physical and biological factors that affect ecosystems. His recent published work has emphasized human dimensions of land-cover change and the potential for sustainable development and it has been instrumental in the Brazilian government’s recent (2003) program to increase its national forest system in the Amazon to 50 million hectares. In current research programs, Professor Cochrane investigates the drivers and effects of disturbance regime changes resulting from various forms of forest degradation, including fire, fragmentation and logging. He is the President of the Association for Fire Ecology of the Tropics (AFET) and has written and edited several books and articles in influential scientific publications about fire in tropical forests.
Title Page
3
Copyright Page
4
Table of Contents
5
Preface
17
Figures
20
Tables
25
Abbreviations and acronyms
27
Contributors
31
1 Fire in the tropics
37
1.1 INTRODUCTION
37
1.2 TROPICAL WILDFIRES: SITUATION AND IMPACTS
38
1.2.1 Overview
38
1.2.2 Economic impacts
40
1.2.3 Health issues
41
1.2.4 Environmental impacts
43
1.3 CASE STUDIES OF TROPICAL FIRES: MEXICO AND BRAZIL
46
1.3.1 Mexico
46
1.3.2 Brazil
50
1.4 IMPLICATIONS
53
1.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
54
1.6 REFERENCES
54
2 Fire and fire ecology: Concepts and principles
60
2.1 FIRE AND COMBUSTION
60
2.2 HEAT TRANSFER
63
2.2.1 Conduction
63
2.2.2 Convection
64
2.2.3 Radiation
64
2.3 FUELS
66
2.3.1 Fuel composition
66
2.3.2 Fuel loading and arrangement
66
2.3.3 Fuel moisture
68
2.3.4 Total fuels
68
2.3.5 Live fuels
68
2.3.6 Dead fuels
72
2.3.7 Moisture exchange
72
2.3.8 Fuel continuity
73
2.4 OXYGEN
74
2.5 WILDLAND FIRE
74
2.5.1 Fire types
75
2.5.1.1 Surface fires
75
2.5.1.2 Ground fires
76
2.5.1.3 Crown fires
76
2.5.2 Fire characteristics
76
2.5.2.1 Flame height
76
2.5.2.2 Flame length and fireline intensity
77
2.5.2.3 Fireline intensity
78
2.5.2.4 Height of crown scorch
78
2.5.2.5 Fire spread rate
81
2.5.2.6 Flame depth
81
25.2.7 Residence time
81
2.6 FIRE ECOLOGY
84
2.6.1 Fire regimes
84
2.6.2 Fire regime characteristics
85
2.6.2.1 Fire extent
85
2.6.2.2 Fire seasonality
85
2.6.2.3 Fire frequency
86
2.6.2.4 Fire intensity and fire severity
86
2.6.3 Fire regime classification
86
2.6.4 The action of fire in ecosystems
88
2.6.5 Tropical fire ecology
90
2.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
90
2.8 REFERENCES
90
Part I Global overview of fire in the tropics
98
3 Overview: Global fire regime conditions, threats, and opportunities for fire management in the tropics
99
3.1 ABSTRACT
99
3.2 INTRODUCTION
100
3.3 ASSESSING THE WORLD'S FIRE REGIMES
101
3.4 FIRE REGIME TYPES
102
3.5 THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S TROPICAL FIRE REGIMES
103
3.6 CAUSES OF CHANGING FIRE REGIMES IN THE TROPICS
106
3.6.1 Climate change
106
3.6.2 Agriculture and livestock ranching
107
3.6.3 Rural and urban development
109
3.6.4 Energy production
109
3.6.5 Fire exclusion and suppression
109
3.6.6 Invasive species
110
3.6.7 Plantations
110
3.6.8 Arson
110
3.7 INTERACTIONS
111
3.8 PRESCRIBED BURNING FOR ECOLOGYCAL BENEFIT
111
3.9 INTEGRATED FIRE MANAGEMENT
111
3.10 CONCLUSIONS
113
3.11 REFERENCES
114
Part II Fire in the Australian tropics
118
4 Fire-driven land cover change in Australia and W. D. Jackson's theory of the fire ecology of southwest Tasmania
119
4.1 ABSRACT
119
4.2 INTRODUCTION
120
4.3 THE ECOLOGY OF SOUTHWEST TASMANIA
121
4.3.1 Development of a theory
121
4.3.2 Ecological Drift model
121
4.3.3 Evidence and alternative perspectives
125
4.4 THE ECOLOGICAL DRIFT MODEL AND QUANTIFYING FIRE FREQUENCY
126
4.4.1 Methods of quantifying fire frequency
126
4.4.2 Fire frequency in Victorian montane forests
127
4.4.3 Stand age and fire risk
128
4.4.4 Landscape effects on fire frequency
128
4.5 FIRE FREQUENCY, EDAPHIC FEEBACKS, AND ABORIGINAL LANDSCAPE BURNING IN AUSTRALIAN TROPICAL SAVANNAS
130
4.5.1 Aboriginal fire regimes - evidence from northern Australia savannas
130
4.5.2 Cessation of Aboriginal burning and the grass fire cycle
131
4.5.3 Edaphic "inertia" of monsoon rainforest - savanna boundaries
131
4.5.4 Monsoon ranforest boundary dynamics
133
4.5.5 Monsoon rainforests and fire frequency
134
4.6 ACACIA ANEURA SHRUBLANDS IN A TRIODIA GRASSLAND MOSAIC IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA
134
4.7 ECOLOGYCAL FRIFT, CHANGING FIRE REGIMES, AND FIRE FEEDBACKS
135
4.8 CONCLUSION
136
4.9 REFERENCES
138
5 Fires in Australia's tropical savannas: Interactions with biodiversity, global warming and exotic biota
144
5.1 ABSTRACT
144
5.2 INTRODUCTION
144
5.2.1 The region
145
5.2.2 Fires in the region
148
5.3 FIRE BEHAVIOR, FIRE WEATHER
149
5.4 FIRE REGIMES
151
5.5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FIRE, WOODY PLANTS AND GRASSES
153
5.6 FIRE, GLOBAL WARMING, AND GREENHOUSE GASES
155
5.6.1 Predicted changes in climate
155
5.6.2 Management of emissions
156
5.7 BIODIVERSITY AND FIRE REGIMES
157
5.7.1 Biodiversity, fire, and grazing regimes
157
5.7.2 Biodiversity consservation in reserves
160
5.8 PROTECTION OF HUMAN LIFE AND PROPERTY
162
5.9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
163
5.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
164
5.11 REFERENCES
164
6 Aboriginal fire use in Australian tropical savannas: Ecological effects and management lessons
173
6.1 ABSTRACT
173
6.2 INTRODUCTION
173
6.3 STEREOTYPES OF SEASONALITY AND SPATIALITY
177
6.4 ABORIGINAL USES FOR FIRE: HUNTING, VEGETATION MANAGEMENT, AND CLEANING COUNTRY
178
6.4.1 Fire for hunting
178
6.4.1.1 Fire drives
179
6.4.1.2 Green pick: promoting regrowth of grasses
179
6.4.2 Domiculture: management of plant resources
181
6.4.3 Vegetation management: facilitating life in a tall-grass savanna
183
6.4.4 A landscape management system
183
6.5 EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT AND FIRE REGIMES
184
6.5.1 Ecological impact of wildfire regimes
184
6.5.2 Contemporary Aboriginal fire management
186
6.5.2.1 Central Arheem Land: a case study of Aboriiginal fire management and ecological integrity
186
6.5.2.2 Indigenous ranger programs: the emergence of formal indigenous natural resource menagement activities
188
6.5.2.3 Aboriginal fire management and the emerging carbon economy
188
6.5.2.3.1 Carbon sequenstration and greenhouse gas abatement
189
6.5.2.3.2 West Arhem Land Fire Abatement project
189
6.5.2.4 Indigenous knowledge conservation
190
6.6 CONCLUSION
191
6.7 REFERENCES
191
Part III Fire in the African tropics
198
7 Fire ecology and fire politics in Mali and Madagascar
199
7.1 ABSTRACT
199
7.2 INTRODUCTION
200
7.3 BIOPHYSICAL CONTEXT
202
7.3.1 Mali and West Africa
202
7.3.2 Madagascar
204
7.4 PREHISTORY
205
7.4.1 Generalities on prehistoric African fire and issues of vegetation "origin"
205
7.4.2 West African anthropogenic fire history
208
7.4.3 Madagascar
209
7.5 CONTEMPORARY FIRE REGIMES AND IMPACTS
210
7.5.1 Mali
210
7.5.2 Madagascar
213
7.6 HUMANS AND FIRE IN LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
215
7.6.1 Why do Africans burn the land?
215
7.6.1.1 Fire is used to hunt
215
7.6.1.2 Fire is used in livestock husbandry
216
7.6.1.3 People manage vegetation using fire
216
7.6.1.4 Fire can be used to manage useful insects
216
7.6.1.5 Fire is used to control pests and other threats
216
7.6.1.6 Fire can facilitate gathering
216
7.6.1.7 Fireis used for agriculture
217
7.6.1.8 Fire is used for risk management
217
7.6.2 Seasonal mosaic burning in Mali
217
7.6.2.1 The spatio-temporal pattern of fire
218
7.6.2.2 Linkages to soil/vegetation patterns
218
7.6.2.3 Reasons for the pattern
219
7.6.2.4 Ecological and biogeographical implications
222
7.6.3 The culture of fire use in Madagascar
224
7.7 ESTIMATING FIRE IMPACTS
229
7.7.1 Climate and hydrology
230
7.7.2 Land cover conversion and vegetation change
231
7.7.3 Fragmentation and connectivity
232
7.7.4 Atmospheric and health effects of emissions
233
7.8 FIRE POLITICS
234
7.8.1 Early fire policies
234
7.8.2 Fire as a necessary evil: a late colonial softening
236
7.8.3 Post-colonial approaches: strong words, weak enforcement
236
7.8.4 From drought to revenue: fire in 1980s' Mali
237
7.8.5 Biodiversity hotspot: fire in 1980s'-1990s' Madagascar
239
7.8.6 The 1990s' community devolution movement
240
7.8.7 Today
240
7.8.8 Lessons
241
7.9 CONCLUSION
242
7.10 REFERENCES
243
8 Climate change and wildland fires in Mozambique
255
8.1 ABSTRACT
255
8.2 INTRODUCTION
256
8.3 CLIMATE, FIRE, AND LIVELIHOOD LINKAGES
257
8.4 CLIMATE CONDITIONS: PRESENT AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS
258
8.4.1 Current climatic conditions
259
8.4.2 Future climate change projections
261
8.5 CURRENT FIRE REGIMES IN MOZAMBIQUE TODAY
262
8.5.1 Fire distribution and frequency
263
8.5.2 Fire seasonality
264
8.6 UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WILDLAND FIRE
264
8.6.1 Ecological impacts of fire
265
8.6.2 Miombo woodland species
266
8.6.3 Ecological consequences of fire in the miombo woodland
270
8.7 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FIRE
272
8.8 EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS BURNING
274
8.8.1 Emissions released directly from fires
275
8.8.2 Emissions from land use change and forestry
275
8.9 POLICY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
276
8.9.1 Historical policy and institutional framework
276
8.9.2 Current policy and institutional framework
277
8.10 CONCLUSIONS
279
8.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
282
8.12 REFERENCES
283
Part IV Fire in the Asian tropics
288
9 Tropical peatland fires in Southeast Asia
289
9.1 ABSTRACT
289
9.2 INTRODUCTION
290
9.3 THE TROPICAL PEATLANDS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
291
9.4 FIRE HISTORY AND THE CAUSES OF FIRE
292
9.5 LAND USE CHANGE AS THE DRIVER OF CONTEMPORARY PEATLAND FIRES
295
9.6 CAUSES OF FIRE THE BLAME GAME
296
9.6.1 Role of fire in recent deforestation of tropical peatlands in Borneo
298
9.7 ECOLOGICAL CHANGES
302
9.7.1 From fire to flood
302
9.7.2 Carbon emissions and fire behavior
305
9.7.3 Tropical peatlands under a changing climate
307
9.8 FUTURE PROSPECTS
308
9.9 REFERENCES
309
10 Fire ecology and management of seasonal evergreen forests in mainland Southeast Asia
314
10.1 ABSTRACT
314
10.2 INTRODUCTION
314
10.3 STUDY AREA
317
10.4 FIRE IN SEASONAL EVERGREEN FOREST
319
10.5 WHY DO SEASONAL EVERGREEN FORESTS BURN?
323
10.6 EFFECT OF FIRE ON SEASONAL EVERGREEN FOREST
326
10.7 SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS
330
10.8 REFERENCES
331
11 Fire behavior and fire effects across the forest landscape of continental Southeast Asia
336
11.1 ABSTRACT
336
11.2 INTRODUCTION
337
11.3 CAUSES OF FIRE
339
11.3.1 Climate
339
11.3.2 Fuels
340
11.3.3 Ignition
341
11.4 FIRE BEHAVIOR
341
11.5 FIRE SEVERITY
345
11.5.1 Fire effects on individual trees
345
11.5.2 Fire effects at the stand scale
347
11.5.3 Fire and tree species abundance
348
11.6 FIRE REGIMES
351
11.7 FIRE, LANDSCAPE, AND LAND USE
353
11.8 FIRE AND CLIMATE
354
11.9 ISSUES FOR FIRE MANAGEMENT
355
11.10 REFERENCES
356
12 Forest fire regimes and their ecological effects in seasonally dry tropical ecosystems in the Western Ghats, India
360
12.1 ABSTRACT
360
12.2 INTRODUCTION
361
12.3 HUMANS AND FIRE IN THE WESTERN GHATS
361
12.3.1 Indigenous communities and fires
362
12.3.2 Agricultural fires in the Western Ghats
362
12.3.3 Fire and forestry
362
12.4 LINK BETWEEN FIRE REGIMES AND FIELD STUDIES
362
12.5 BACKGROUND
363
12.5.1 Spatial parameters of fire regimes
363
12.5.2.1 Tropical dry deciduous forests
364
12.5.2.2 Tropical dry thorn forest
364
12.5.2.3 Tropical moist deciduous forest
365
12.6 METHODS
365
12.6.1 Vegetation map
365
12.6.2 Delineating forest fires in the Nilgiri landscape
365
12.6.3 Forest structure, diverity, fuel loads, and fire frequency
366
12.6.3.1 Transects
366
12.6.3.2 Canapy cover
366
12.6.3.3 Regenerration of woody plant species
366
12.6.3.4 Species composition
366
12.6.3.5 Fuel composition and fuel load estimation
367
12.6.3.6 Estimating grass and leaf litter
367
12.6.3.7 Fire history of transects
367
12.6.3.8 Statistical tests
367
12.7 RESULTS
367
12.7.1 Spatial and temporal characteristics of fires in the Nilgiri landscape
367
12.7.2 Fuels, vegetation characteristics, and forest fires
368
12.7.2.1 Tropical dry deciduous forests
368
12.7.2.2 Tropical dry thorn forests
371
12.7.2.3 Tropical moist deciduous forests
373
12.8 DISCUSSION
374
12.8.1 Climate change and forest fires
375
12.8.2 Forest fires and conservation
375
12.9 CONCLUSIONS
376
12.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
376
12.11 REFERENCES
376
13 Fire and land use effects on biodiversity in the southern Sumatran wetlands
380
13.1 ABSTRACT
380
13.2 INTRODUCTION
381
13.3 METHODS
383
13.3.1 Land cover classification
383
13.3.2 Socio-economic surveys
384
13.3.3 Field ecological surveys
384
13.3.4 Distance and access
384
13.3.5 Fire patterns
384
13.3.6 Vegetation structure and links to environmental/disturbance variables
385
13.3.7 Woody species diversity and composition
385
13.4 FIRE HISTORY
386
13.5 LAND USE HISTORY
388
13.6 DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE FIRES
390
13.7 BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
392
13.7.1 Landscape level
392
13.7.2 Woody species diversity and composition at the patch level
393
13.7.3 Vegetation structure at the patch level
399
13.7.4 Further fire susceptibility and regeneration potential
400
13.8 DISCUSSION
402
13.8.1 Fire management issues and options for the wetlands of southern Sumatra
404
13.8.1.1 Ban fire use and promote zero-burning techniques?
404
13.8.1.2 Is controlled burning feasible?
404
13.8.1.3 Are there any effective incentive mechanisms to prevent burning or to limit fire spread?
404
13.8.1.4 Can alternative livelihppds that are not dependent on fire be provided ?
405
13.8.1.5 Halt further development and restore still remote, sparsely inhabited wetlands
406
13.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
406
13.10 REFERENCES
407
Part V Fire in the South American tropics
411
14 Fire, land use, land cover dynamics, and climate change in the Brazillian Amazon
412
14.1 ABSTRACT
412
14.2 INTRODUCTION
413
14.3 FIRE AS A TOOL
414
14.4 FIRE AND LAND USE
415
14.4.1 Shifting cultivation
415
14.4.2 Cattle ranching
415
14.4.3 Industrial agriculture
416
14.4.4 Logging
416
14.4.5 Fire and landscapes
418
14.5 FIRE BEHAVIOR
421
14.6 FIRE SEVERITY
423
14.7 ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS
425
14.8 FIRE AND CLIMATE
429
14.8.1 Climate, weather anomalies, and climate change effects
429
14.8.2 Land cover change and climate
431
14.8.3 Fire and climate
431
14.9 FIRE MODELING
432
14.9.1 Fire susceptibility
432
14.9.2 Mechanistic model of fire susceptibility
433
14.9.2.1 The ET pump
434
14.9.2.2 The DC pump
434
14.9.3 Fuels
436
14.10 CONCLUSIONS
438
14.10.1 Rehabilitating fire-impacted forests
440
14.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
441
14.12 REFERENCES
441
15 Fires in the cerrado, the Brazilian savanna
450
15.1 ABSTRACT
450
15.2 INTRODUCTION
450
15.3 FIRE HISTORY AND FIRE FREQUENCY
451
15.4 CERRADO FIRES
453
15.5 HERBACEOUS-LAYER VEGETATION
456
15.6 WOODT-LAYER VEGETATION
460
15.7 WATER USE AND CARBON FLUX
465
15.8 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
466
15.9 REFERENCES
467
16 The role of fire in the vegetation dynamics of upland davannas of the Venezuelan Guayana
474
16.1 ABSTRACT
474
16.2 INTRODUCTION
475
16.3 CAUSES AND USE OF FIRE
476
16.4 STUDY SITE
477
16.5 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
481
16.6 FIRE BEHAVIOR
483
16.7 EFFECT OF FIRE ON SAVANNA PLANT COVER AND SPECIES COMPOSITION
488
16.7.1 Plan species composition and abundance
489
16.7.2 Effect of fire on plant species composition and abundance
492
16.8 EFFECT OF FIRE ON SAVANNA BIOMASS
493
16.8.1 Biomass dynamics in unburned savanna plots
494
16.8.2 Biomass recovery of burned savanna plots
495
16.8.3 Biomass recovery and fire frequency
496
16.9 CONCLUSIONS: OPTIONS FOR FIRE MANAGEMENT IN CANAIMA NATIONAL PARK
496
16.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
498
16.11 REFERENCES
499
17 Pattern and process: Fire-initiated grass invasion at Amazon transitional forest edges
504
17.1 ABSTRACT
504
17.2 INTRODUCTION
505
17.3 METHODS: INCREASING FIRE FREQUENCY AT A FOREST PASTURE EDGE
506
17.4 RESULTS: FIRE PROMOTES GRASS INVASION
507
17.5 POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF FIRE-INITIATED VEGETATION TRANSITIONS
510
17.5.1 Competition-based mechanisms
510
17.5.1.1 Immediate nutrient pulse, but eventual nutrient deficiency
511
17.5.1.2 Increased drought-like conditions favor grasses
513
17.5.2 Demographic mechanisms
514
17.5.2.1 Mortality
514
17.5.2.2 Propagule sources
515
17.5.2.3 Herbivory and predation
516
17.5.3 Grass-fire cycle
517
17.6 CONCLUSIONS
518
17.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
519
17.8 REFERENCES
520
Part VI Fire in the Central American tropics
526
18 Fire in the páramo ecosystems of Central and South America
527
18.1 ABSTRACT
527
18.2 INTRODUCTION
528
18.3 THE PÁRAMOS OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA
528
18.4 CAUSES OF PÁRAMO FIRES
532
18.5 THE "NATURALNESS", FIRE DEPENDENCY, AND CONSERVATION VALUE OF NEOTROPICAL PÁRAMOS
534
18.6 FIRE BEHAVIOR
537
18.7 FIRE SEVERITY AND POST-FIRE VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT
538
18.8 FIRE FREQUENCY
542
18.9 CHARCOAL AND POLLEN EVIDENCE OF LONG-TERM FIRE HISTORY
544
18.9.1 Records from Costa Rica
544
18.9.2 Records from Ecuador and northern Peru
546
18.10 ISSUES FOR FIRE MANAGEMENT
549
18.11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
553
18.12 REFERENCES
553
Part VII Pan-tropical fire
562
19 The consequences of fire for the fauna of humid tropical forests
563
19.1 ABSTRACT
563
19.2 INTRODUCTION
563
19.3 FAUNAL MORTALITY AND TEMPORAL RESPONSES TO FIRE
564
19.4 SUB-LETHAL EFFECTS
566
19.5 FIRE SEVERITY AND RECURRENT FIRES
566
19.6 SPATIAL SCALE OF EFFECTS
567
19.7 FIRES AND OTHER THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
568
19.8 SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF FIRE
568
19.9 GEOGRAPHICAL VIRIANCE IN FAUNAL RESPONSES TO FIRE
569
19.10 FIRE AND THE ARTHROPOD LITTER FAUNA
570
19.11 CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH PRIORITIES
571
19.12 REFERENCES
573
20 Fire in tropical pine ecosystems
577
20.1 ABSTRACT
577
20.2 INTRODUCITON
578
20.3 FIRE AND LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS AND ADAPTATIONS OF TROPICAL PINES
581
20.4 ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
589
20.5 FIRE REGIMES
590
20.6 PINE STAND STRUCTURE AND STAND DYNAMICS
594
20.7 ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
599
20.8 CAUSES OF FIRE
602
20.9 FIRE BEHAVIOR AND SEVERITY
605
20.10 FIRE, LAND USE, AND LANDSCAPES
607
20.11 FIRE, PINES, AND CLIMATE CHANGE
609
20.12 ISSUES FOR FIRE MANAGEMENT
611
20.13 REGIONAL EXAMPLE: PINUS HARTWEGII FORESTS IN MESOAMERICA
612
20.13.1 Background
612
20.13.2 Fire regime and vegetation dynamics
613
20.13.3 Fire behavior and severity
613
20.13.4 Understory species response to fire
615
20.13.5 Wildlife
616
20.13.6 Soils, hydrology, and air quality
616
20.13.7 Landscape value
617
20.13.8 Other project studies
617
20.13.9 Integrated fire management
617
20.14 CONCLUSION
618
20.15 REFERENCES
619
21 Changing fire regimes in tropical montane cloud forests: a global synthesis
626
21.1 ABSTRACT
626
21.2 INTRODUCTION
626
21.3 MCFs: CHARACTERISTICS, DISTRIBUTION, AND DISTURBANCE DYNAMICS
628
21.4 PALEOECOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR HISTORICAL FIRE REGIMES IN MCFs
629
21.5 MODERN EVIDENCE FOR CHANGING FIRE REGIMES IN MCFs
633
21.6 CASE STUDY: MODERN PATTERNS OF FIRE ACTIVITY IN MCFs OF SOUTHEASTERN MEXICO
636
21.7 CONCLUSIONS
640
21.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
641
21.9 REFERENCES
641
Index
646
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 11.4.2010 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Environmental Sciences |
| Environmental Sciences | |
| Springer Praxis Books | Springer Praxis Books |
| Zusatzinfo | XXXVIII, 682 p. 130 illus., 50 illus. in color. |
| Verlagsort | Berlin |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften ► Geografie / Kartografie | |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | biodiversity • Climate Change Management • Ecology • ecosystem • ecosystem dynamics • Ecosystems • Environment • Fauna • fire • Fire ecology • global climate change • Land cover change • Savanna • Tropical Ecology • Vegetation • wetland |
| ISBN-10 | 3-540-77381-9 / 3540773819 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-540-77381-8 / 9783540773818 |
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PDF (Wasserzeichen)Größe: 43,2 MB
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