Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects - Progress and Obstacles (eBook)

Stanley A. Plotkin (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2006 | 2006
IX, 274 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-36583-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Mass immunization is the blitzkrieg of vaccination practice. It serves to rapidly protect populations, both because of the high coverage achieved and because of the herd immunity thereby induced. However, as in war, mass immunization campaigns must be conducted intelligently, with careful strategy and strong attention to logistics of supply and deployment. If conducted badly, mass immunization may fail or even be counter-productive. In this volume, some of the most successful practitioners of mass im- nization tell us about its art and science. David Heymann and Bruce Aylward of WHO begin the book with a theoretical and practical overview of mass immunization. Michael Lane, who participated in the successful effort to eradicate smallpox relates how this was done using mass vaccination and other strategies. Application of mass immunization by the US military is c- ered by John Grabenstein and Remington Nevin, who have a large experience in these matters. Karen Noakes and David Salisbury recount the striking s- cesses of mass immunization in the United Kingdom. The global control of the clostridia that produce diphtheria toxin is described by Charles Vitek. Hepa- tis A is decreasing dramatically under the impact of large-scale vaccination, as Francis André illustrates. The French experience with Hepatitis B vac- nation has been mixed, and François Denis and Daniel Levy-Bruhl explain the circumstances. In?uenza vaccination is an annual example of large-scale campaigns, the complexity of which is recounted by Benjamin Schwartz and Pascale Wortley.

Inhalt

Preface 5
List of Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
Mass Vaccination: When and Why 10
1 The Concept of Mass Vaccination 11
2 Mass vaccination in the Twentieth Century—Smallpox Eradication 12
3 Routine Immunization and Mass Vaccination Today— A Necessary Alliance 13
4 Preventing Emerging Outbreaks 14
5 Mass Vaccination to Accelerate Disease Control 19
6 Mass Vaccination in the Twenty-First Century 22
References 23
Mass Vaccination and Surveillance/Containment in the Eradication of Smallpox 26
1 Background 27
2 Initial Plans for Mass Vaccination Against Measles and Smallpox inWest Africa 27
3 Contrasting Epidemiology of Measles and Smallpox inWest Africa 28
4 Observations Leading to Increased Importance of Surveillance and Outbreak Containment 29
5 Change in Strategy, 1968 30
6 Elements of the Surveillance/Outbreak Containment Strategy 31
7 Results inWest Africa 32
8 Results in Asia 33
9 Validation by Mathematical Modeling 34
10 Summary and Conclusions 35
References 35
Mass Immunization Programs: Principles and Standards 40
1 Introduction 41
2 Applications forMass Immunization 42
3 PolicyMaking and Planning 44
4 Military Cohorts as Examples 46
5 Implementation Issues 47
6 Conclusion 57
References 58
Immunization Campaigns in the UK 62
1 Introduction 63
2 UK Activities 66
3 Immunization Campaigns in the UK 67
4 Annual Influenza Campaigns 76
5 Conclusion 77
References 78
Diphtheria 80
1 Clinical Picture and Pathophysiology of Diphtheria 81
2 Diphtheria Immunization 83
3 Epidemiology 84
4 Diphtheria Outbreaks and Control 86
5 Diphtheria Epidemic in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union 90
References 101
Universal Mass Vaccination Against Hepatitis A 104
1 Introduction 105
2 Virology and Epidemiology of HAV 106
3 Disease Burden 108
4 Vaccine Properties and Vaccination Policies 109
5 Early Demonstration Projects 111
6 Planned Mass Prevention Programmes Carried Out 111
7 Is Elimination or Even Eradication Possible? 117
References 119
Mass Vaccination Against Hepatitis B: The French Example 124
1 Introduction 125
2 Epidemiology and Carrier Rate of HBV in France 126
3 French Immunization Strategies 128
4 Hepatitis B Immunization Coverage 133
5 Conclusion 136
References 137
Mass Vaccination for Annual and Pandemic Influenza 140
1 Influenza Disease and Vaccine 141
2 Mass Vaccination for Annual Influenza Epidemics 143
3 Mass Vaccination for Pandemic Influenza 148
4 The Future ofMass Vaccination for Annual and Pandemic Influenza 157
References 159
Is Global Measles Eradication Feasible? 162
1 Background 163
2 Measles Eradication in theWestern Hemisphere 163
3 Strategies 165
4 Results 169
5 Lessons Learned 170
6 Conclusion 171
References 172
Measles Aerosol Vaccination 174
1 Measles Disease Burden 175
2 New Approaches to Measles Control 175
3 Benefits of Measles Vaccination via the Respiratory Route 177
4 The Aerosol Method Using the Classic Mexican Device 177
5 Experience in Administration of Measles Vaccine via the Respiratory Route 181
6 Future Challenges 197
7 The Measles Aerosol Project 198
8 Conclusions 198
References 199
Mass Vaccination Campaigns for Polio Eradication: An Essential Strategy for Success 204
1 Introduction 205
2 Early Polio Control Efforts 206
3 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine 207
4 Mass Vaccination in the Polio Eradication Era 212
5 Programmatic Aspects of Mass Campaigns 214
6 The Future: OPV Use in Campaigns Post-Polio Eradication 223
7 Conclusions 224
References 225
Rubella Mass Campaigns 230
1 Introduction 230
2 Other Regions 234
3 Rubella Campaigns 236
4 Conclusions 238
References 238
Mass Vaccination to Control Epidemic and Endemic Typhoid Fever 240
1 Introduction 240
2 Mass Vaccination with Typhoid Vaccines 244
References 252
Mass Vaccination: Solutions in the Skin 256
1 Introduction 257
2 Structure of the Skin 258
3 The Skin as the Best Site for Vaccination 260
4 The Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adjuvant on the Skin 265
5 Mass Vaccination: Logistics of an Anthrax Patch 272
6 Conclusions 273
References 273
Subject Index 278

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.9.2006
• Reihe/Serie: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
• Reihe/Serie: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
• Zusatzinfo: IX, 274 p.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Studium
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: aerosol vaccination • annual influenza • congenital birth defects • contagious outbreaks • diphtheria • hepatitis A • Hepatitis B • mass immunization • measles • pandemic influenza • Poliomyelitis • rubella • Smallpox • transcutaneous immunization • typhoid fever • variolation
• ISBN-10: 3-540-36583-4 / 3540365834
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-36583-9 / 9783540365839