A Missing Link in Cybernetics (eBook)

Logic and Continuity

Alex M. Andrew (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF

2009 | 2009
XI, 139 Seiten
Springer New York (Verlag)
978-0-387-75164-1 (ISBN)

Infos

In this book I argue that a reason for the limited success of various studies under the general heading of cybernetics is failure to appreciate the importance of con- nuity, in a simple metrical sense of the term. It is with particular, but certainly not exclusive, reference to the Arti cial Intelligence (AI) effort that the shortcomings of established approaches are most easily seen. One reason for the relative failure of attempts to analyse and model intelligence is the customary assumption that the processing of continuous variables and the manipulation of discrete concepts should be considered separately, frequently with the assumption that continuous processing plays no part in thought. There is much evidence to the contrary incl- ing the observation that the remarkable ability of people and animals to learn from experience nds similar expression in tasks of both discrete and continuous nature and in tasks that require intimate mixing of the two. Such tasks include everyday voluntary movement while preserving balance and posture, with competitive games and athletics offering extreme examples. Continuous measures enter into many tasks that are usually presented as discrete. In tasks of pattern recognition, for example, there is often a continuous measure of the similarity of an imposed pattern to each of a set of paradigms, of which the most similar is selected. The importance of continuity is also indicated by the fact that adjectives and adverbs in everyday verbal communication have comparative and superlative forms.

Inhalt

Preface 6
Contents 9
to 1 Cybernetics: Origins and Aims 12
Origins 12
Understanding 14
Theories 14
Neuroscience 16
Visual Pathways 18
Microtubule Computation 19
Memory 19
C fibres 20
Orange, New Jersey 21
Artificial Intelligence 22
Wider Applications 24
Appendix to Chapter 1: Early History 26
Summary of Chapter 1 26
to 2 Where to Start? 28
Brains and Computers 28
Discrete Logic 28
Meaning of "Logic" 29
Laws of Form 30
Associative Recall 31
The Binding Problem 32
Models 33
Conditioned Reflex 34
Application to Process Control 36
Boxes 37
Learning Filters 40
Classification versus Tuning 44
Nontrivial Machines 45
Conclusion 45
Summary of Chapter 2 46
to 3 Continuous versus Discrete 48
The Continuous Environment 48
Catastrophe Theory and Dissipative Structures 50
Nervous System 50
Evolution and Learning 52
Near Misses 57
Logic 58
AI and Computers 59
The Ashby--Bellman Debate 63
Summary of Chapter 3 65
to 4 Adaptation, Self-Organisation, Learning 67
Adaptation in Continuous Environments 67
Even and Odd Objective Functions 69
Optimisation without a Model 71
Optimisation with a Model 73
Models 75
Error Decorrelation 77
Self-Organisation 78
JANET 80
Checkers 80
Pandemonium 81
Emergence of Concepts 82
Bacterial Chemotaxis 85
Daisyworld 86
Appendix to Chapter 4: Statistics as Running Values 87
Running Values 88
Weighting Patterns 88
Exponential Smoothing 89
Digital Precision 90
Summary of Chapter 4 92
to 5 Backpropagation 94
Learning in Nets 94
Multilayer Operation 96
Local Goals 96
Significance Feedback 99
Evidence from Biology 105
Structured Feedback 109
Summary of Chapter 5 112
to 6 Self-Reference 114
Consciousness 114
Hierarchies 114
Everyday Self-Reference 116
Nontrivial Machines and Paradox 117
G'del's Incompleteness Theorem 118
Induction and Deduction 118
Double Bind and Creativity 119
Summary of Chapter 6 119
to 7 Fractal Intelligence 121
Is Intelligence Fractal 121
Elementary Exemplification 121
Fractal Intelligence 123
Summary of Chapter 7 123
to 8 Conclusions 125
Motivation 125
Is Artificial Intelligence Possible? 126
Probably Academic 131
Summary of Chapter 8 133
to References 135

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 21.4.2009
• Reihe/Serie: IFSR International Series in Systems Science and Systems Engineering
• Reihe/Serie: IFSR International Series in Systems Science and Systems Engineering
• Zusatzinfo: XI, 139 p. 4 illus.
• Verlagsort: New York
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Informatik ► Theorie / Studium ► Künstliche Intelligenz / Robotik
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Allgemeines / Lexika
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Angewandte Mathematik
• Themenwelt: Mathematik / Informatik ► Mathematik ► Logik / Mengenlehre
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: articifical intelligence • Artificial Intelligence • backpropagation • classification • Cybernetics • Evolution • Intelligence • Intelligent Systems • Knowledge • learning • linear optimization • Marvin Minsky
• ISBN-10: 0-387-75164-5 / 0387751645
• ISBN-13: 978-0-387-75164-1 / 9780387751641