Transport at the Air-Sea Interface (eBook)

Measurements, Models and Parametrizations

Christoph S. Garbe, Robert A. Handler, Bernd Jähne (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2008 | 2007
XXIV, 320 Seiten
Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Verlag)
978-3-540-36906-6 (ISBN)

Infos

One key uncertainty in predictions of future climate is caused by the lack of knowledge of transport processes in the air-water interface; this poses the main transfer resistance between oceans and atmosphere. This book reviews recent progress in the domains of experimental process studies as well as computer stimulation. It represents an early approach of merging insights gained in both fields and broadens our understanding of air-water gas and heat exchange.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contributions to International Workshop on Transport at the Air- Sea Interface 7
Contents 11
List of Contributors 14
List of Reviewers 19
1 The Impact of Different Gas Exchange Formulations and Wind Speed Products on Global Air- Sea CO2 Fluxes 23
1.1 Introduction 23
1.2 Discussion 24
1.3 Conclusions 40
References 42
2 Turbulent Gas Flux Measurements near the Air- Water Interface in a Grid- Stirred Tank 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Experimental Set-Up 48
2.3 Results 50
2.4 Conclusion 60
References 60
3 Quantitative Imaging of CO2 Transfer at an Unsheared Free Surface 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Experimental Setup 64
3.3 Results 68
3.4 Analysis 74
3.5 Conclusions, Extensions, and Acknowledgements 75
References 75
4 Visualisation of Oxygen Concentration Fields in the Mass Boundary Layer by Fluorescence Quenching 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Visualisation by Oxygen Quenching 80
4.3 Experimental Set-up 81
4.4 Calculation of the Boundary-Layer Thickness 82
4.5 Gas-Transfer Velocity 84
4.6 Comparison with Other Measurement Techniques 86
4.7 Discussions and Outlook 88
References 89
5 Visualization of 2-D Divergence on the Free Surface and its Relation to Gas Transfer 92
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Experiments and Analysis 95
5.3 Results 96
5.4 Conclusions 103
References 105
6 The Air-Water Interface: Turbulence and Scalar Exchange 106
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Sheared Interfaces 110
6.3 Surface Divergence Model and Microbreaking 114
6.4 Conclusions 117
References 118
7 Turbulence Generation in the Wind- Driven Subsurface Water Flow 121
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 Experimental Procedure 122
7.3 Overview of the Water Flow Structure 122
7.4 The Laminar Zone 127
7.5 The Laminar-Turbulent Transition 131
7.6 Concluding Remarks 133
References 134
8 Defining the Enhancement of Air-Water Interfacial Oxygen Exchange Rate due to Wind- Forced Microscale Waves 136
8.1 Introduction 137
8.2 Methodology 139
8.3 Results and Discussion 141
8.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 145
References 146
9 Momentum Flux and Energy Dissipation Associated with Breaking Waves 149
9.1 Introduction 149
9.2 Observations 151
9.3 Energy Dissipation and Momentum Fluxes 153
9.4 Conclusions 158
References 159
10 The Interaction of Ocean Surface Processes, Waves, and Turbulence in the Adjacent Boundary Layers 161
10.1 Introduction 161
10.2 Coordinate Systems 163
10.3 Discussion 168
References 170
11 A Numerical Study on the Characteristic Flow Structures of a Micro- Breaking Wind Wave 175
11.1 Introduction 175
11.2 Numerical Simulation 176
11.3 Surface Structures 178
11.4 Underlying Vortical Structures 181
11.5 Concluding Remark 183
References 183
12 The E.ect of Raindrops on Interfacial Turbulence and Air- Water Gas Transfer 185
12.1 Introduction 185
12.2 Experiments 186
12.3 Results and Discussion 188
12.4 Conclusions 193
References 194
13 Air-Water Flux Reconciliation Between the Atmospheric CO2 Pro . le and Mass Balance Techniques 196
13.1 Introduction 197
13.2 Methods 197
13.3 Results and Discussion 200
13.4 Summary 205
References 206
14 Air-Water Interfacial Temperature Measurements 208
14.1 Introduction 208
14.2 Measurements 210
14.3 Results and Discussion 213
14.4 Conclusions 215
References 217
15 Observations of the Structure of the Surface Temperature Field at an Air- Water Interface for Stable and Unstable Cases 219
15.1 Introduction 219
15.2 Experimental Setup at the ASIST facility 220
15.3 Infrared Imagery 222
15.4 Summary and Conclusions 231
Appendix: Table of Parameters for Both the Warm and Cold Skin 234
References 234
16 Estimating the Viscous Shear Stress at the Water Surface from Active Thermography 237
16.1 Introduction 237
16.2 Motion Estimation for Active Thermography 240
16.3 Synthetic Data 246
16.4 Experimental Set-Up 247
16.5 Laboratory Measurements of Viscous Stress from Active Thermography 248
16.6 Conclusion 250
References 250
17 Estimation of Air-Sea Gas and Heat Fluxes from Infrared Imagery Based on Near Surface Turbulence Models 254
17.1 Introduction 254
17.2 Eddy Renewal Model and Surface Renewal Model 255
17.3 Heat Flux Estimates from the Two Models 260
17.4 Application to Real Infrared Images 262
17.5 Conclusion 265
References 267
18 The Influence of Intermittency on Air-Water Gas Transfer Measurements 268
18.1 Introduction 268
18.2 Intermittency of Air-Sea Gas Transfer 271
18.3 Averaging with Di.erent Techniques 273
18.4 Experimental Results from Active Thermography 280
18.5 Discussion and Conclusions 285
References 286
19 Micrometeorological Approaches to Measure Air- Water CO2 Fluxes 288
19.1 Introduction 288
19.2 Ocean-Atmosphere CO2 Flux Study Sites 290
19.3 Measurements 290
19.4 Discussion 295
19.5 Summary 298
References 298
20 Bias of CO2 Surface Fluxes Estimated by Eddy Covariance due to Adjustment Fluxes . 301
20.1 Introduction 301
20.2 Vertical Flux Gradient due to Di.erential Advection 303
20.3 Signi.cance of .F 305
20.4 Summary 307
References 308
21 Eddy Correlation Measurements of Sea Spray Aerosol Fluxes 309
21.1 Introduction 309
21.2 Micro-Meteorological Measurements at the FRF Field Research Facility in Duck, North Carolina ( USA) 312
21.3 Sea Salt Flux Measurements 313
21.4 Results 317
21.5 Discussion 319
21.6 Conclusion 320
References 320
Author Index 324
Subject Index 325

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 30.6.2008
• Reihe/Serie: Environmental Science
• Reihe/Serie: Environmental Science
• Reihe/Serie: Environmental Science and Engineering
• Reihe/Serie: Environmental Science and Engineering
• Zusatzinfo: XXIV, 320 p.
• Verlagsort: Berlin
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Aerosol • Air-Water Interactions • Boundary Layer Transport • climate change • gas exchange • Modeling • ocean • Rain • scale • Simulation • Temperature • Transport • Wind • Wind speed
• ISBN-10: 3-540-36906-6 / 3540369066
• ISBN-13: 978-3-540-36906-6 / 9783540369066