Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Sciences
Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers (Verlag)
978-0-306-41552-4 (ISBN)
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These editors gratefully acknowledge this support which made the initial planning of this book possible. The editors would like to thank the individual authors of each chap- ter for their cooperation and generously giving of their time for this project.
1. General Principles of Analytical Mass Spectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vacuum System.- 3. Sample Introduction.- 4. Ionization of Sample.- 4.1. Electron Impact (EI).- 4.2. Chemical Ionization (CI).- 4.3. Field Ionization (FI).- 4.4. Field Desorption (FD).- 4.5. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS).- 4.6. Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB).- 4.7. Desorption Chemical Ionization (DCI).- 4.8. Negative Chemical Ionization (NCI).- 4.9. Atmospheric Pressure Ionization (API).- 4.10. Californium-252 Plasma Desorption.- 5. Analyzer Systems.- 5.1. Quadrupole Mass Filters.- 5.2. Single-Focusing Magnetic Analyzers.- 5.3. Double-Focusing Magnetic Sector Instruments.- 5.4. Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) Spectrometers.- 5.5. Time-of-Flight (TOF) Instruments.- 6. Ion Detectors.- 6.1. Discrete-Dynode Electron Multiplier.- 6.2. Continuous-Electrode Electron Multiplier (Channeltron).- 6.3. Photographic Plates.- 6.4. Faraday Cup.- 6.5. Amplification and Recording of Mass Spectra.- 7. Special Techniques.- 7.1. Specific-Ion Detection.- 7.2. Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS).- 7.3. Quantitation.- 7.4. Mass Measurement.- References.- 2. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/ Computer Instrumentation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Components.- 2.1. Gas Chromatograph Column.- 2.2. GC Injection Modes.- 2.3. GC/MS Interface.- 2.4. Mass Spectrometry-Sample Ionization.- 3. Mass Spectrometer Analyzers.- 4. GC/MS Applications.- 5. Computer Techniques.- 6. Special Instrumentation.- References.- 3. Field Desorption and Field Ionization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principle and Techniques.- 3. Application to Environmental Analysis.- 3.1. Air.- 3.2. Natural Aerosols.- 3.3. Food and Body Fluids.- 3.4. Water.- 3.5. Ultratrace Analysis for Metals in Environmental Samples.- References.- 4. Positive and Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 1.2. Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 2. Applications.- 2.1. Studies of Chemical Reactivity.- 2.2. Studies of Complex Biological Molecules.- 2.3. Analysis of Complex Mixtures.- References.- 5. Use of Pyrolysis/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Common Methods of Pyrolysis.- 2.1. Hot Ribbon or Filament Pyroprobes.- 2.2. Curie-Point Pyroprobes.- 2.3. Furnace-Heated Tube.- 3. General Techniques.- 3.1. Use of Pyrolysis in the Analysis of Bound Residues of Pesticides.- 3.2. Characterization of Soil Organic Matters.- References.- 6. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Development of APCI Mass Spectroscopy.- 3. Ion Source Design and Characteristics.- 4. Chemical Ionization at Atmospheric Pressure.- 5. Environmental Applications of APCI/MS.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 7. Mass Spectral Retrieval and Interpretation Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Use of Published Indexes.- 3. Computer Spectra Matching via Dedicated System.- 4. Computer Spectra Matching via Remote Terminal.- 4.1. PEAK Search.- 4.2. KB Search.- 4.3. PBM Search.- 5. Computerized Interpretation of a Mass Spectrum.- 6. Application to Analytical Problems.- 6.1. Illustration of Search Procedures.- 6.2. Eight-Peak Index.- 6.3. PEAK Search.- 6.4. Probability-Based Matching.- 6.5. Interpretation Using STIRS.- 7. Structure Determination.- References.- 8. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Water Pollution Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Computer-Assisted Analysis.- 2.1. Qualitative Analysis.- 2.2. Quantitative Analysis.- 3. Studies to Improve Quantitative Analyses.- 4. Water Analysis.- 5. A New Horizon in Comprehensive Analysis.- 5.1. Sample Handling.- 5.2. Internal Standards.- 6. Isolation of Organics.- 6.1. Extract Processing.- 6.2. Gas Chromatography.- 6.3. Qualitative Analysis.- 6.4. Quantitative Analysis.- 7. Quality Assurance.- References.- 9. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Air Pollution Studies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sampling Techniques.- 3. Extraction Techniques.- 3.1. Filter Samples.- 3.2. Adsorbent Samples.- 4. Fractionation.- 5. Bioassay Screening.- 6. GC/MS/Computer Analysis.- 6.1. Gas Chromatography.- 6.2. Sample Derivatization.- 6.3. Sample Introduction.- 6.4. Column Selection.- 6.5. GC/MS Interfaces.- 6.6. Packed Columns.- 6.7. Capillary Columns.- 6.8. Mass Spectrometry.- 6.9. Ionization Modes.- 6.10. Instrument Operation Modes.- 7. Data Analysis.- 7.1. Qualitative Analysis.- 7.2. Quantitative Analysis.- 8. Recent and Future Developments.- References.- 10. Poly Cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry.- 2.1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.2. Alkyl-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.3. Hetero-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 2.4. Derivatives of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 3. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.- 4. Soft Ionization Techniques.- References.- 11. Polychlorinated Biphenyls.- 1. Mass Spectra of Pure Compounds.- 1.1. Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry.- 1.2. Positive Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 1.3. Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry.- 2. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Data System.- 2.1. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Data System (GC/MS/DS) Analysis.- 2.2. Subset Data Acquisition Techniques.- 3. Analysis of PCBs by Glass Capillary GC/MS.- 4. GC/MS of PCBs in Biological Samples.- 5. PCB Metabolites.- 5.1. Hydroxylated PCB Metabolites.- 5.2. Hydroxylated Monochlorobiphenyls.- 5.3. Hydroxylated Dichlorobiphenyls.- 5.4. Hydroxylated Tetrachlorobiphenyls.- 5.5. Hydroxylated Pentachlorobiphenyls.- 5.6. Hydroxylated Hexachlorobiphenyls.- 5.7. Sulfur-Containing Metabolites of PCBs.- 5.8. Methylthio-PCBs.- 5.9. Methylsulfonyl-PCBs.- References.- 12. Polychlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorodibenzofurans.- 1. Electron Impact Mass Spectra.- 2. Chemical Ionization Mass Spectra.- 2.1. Positive Chemical Ionization.- 2.2. Negative Chemical Ionization.- 3. Atmospheric Pressure Ionization (API) Mass Spectrometry.- 4. Metastable Ions.- 5. Interfering Compounds in Electron Impact Mass Spectra of PCDDs and PCDFs.- 5.1. Compounds Interfering with 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD.- 5.2. Potentially Interfering Compounds for PCDDs and PCDFs.- 6. Direct-Probe Analytical Techniques.- 6.1. Electron Impact.- 6.2. Chemical Ionization.- 7. GC/MS Methods.- 7.1. Analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs by Packed-Column GC/MS.- 7.2. Analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs by Capillary GC/MS.- 7.3. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins.- 8. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods-GC/MS/MS.- 8.1. Chromatographic Cleanup and Qualitative Methods.- 8.2. Quantification with SIM and Internal Standards.- 8.3. Perchlorination.- 8.4. High-Resolution versus Low-Resolution Mass Spectral Techniques.- 9. Metabolites of PCDDs and PCDFs.- 9.1. Hydroxylated PCDDs as Their Methyl Ethers.- 9.2. Hydroxylated PCDFs as Their Methyl Ethers.- 9.3. PCDD Metabolites.- References.- 13. DDT and Related Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electron Impact Spectra.- 2.1. DDT and Derivatives Containing Chlorophenyl Groups.- 2.2. Metabolites Oxygenated in the Aromatic Rings; Amino Acid Conjugates.- 2.3. Sulfur-Containing Metabolites.- 2.4. Photoproducts.- 2.5. Related Compounds.- 3. Ion Kinetic Spectra.- 4. Chemical Ionization Spectra.- 5. Field Desorption (FD) Spectra.- 6. Mass Fragmentography.- References.- 14. Volatile Halocarbons.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Chlorofluorocarbons.- 1.2. Trihalomethanes and Similar Compounds.- 2. Mass Spectrometry of Halocarbons.- 3. Instrumentation for Analysis.- 4. Chlorofluorocarbons in Atmospheric Samples.- 5. Volatile Halocarbons in Water.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Direct Aqueous Injection.- 5.3. Liquid-Liquid Extraction.- 5.4. Headspace Analysis.- 5.5. Direct Sampling.- 5.6. Theoretical.- 5.7. Dynamic Headspace Sampling.- 5.8. Origins.- References.- 15. Phthalates and Related Plasticizers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Occurrence of Plasticizers in Environmental Samples.- 3. Analytical Aspects.- 4. Mass Spectral Properties.- 4.1. Phthalates.- 4.2. Phosphate Esters.- 4.3. Other Plasticizers: Adipates, Sebacates, Citrates, Phthalyl Glycolates, Trimellitates.- References.- 16. Organometallic Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mass Spectrometry.- 3. Arsenic.- 4. Mercury.- 5. Tetraalkyltin and Tetraalkyllead Compounds.- 6. Tin.- 7. Lead.- References.- 17. MAss Spectrometry of Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, Dithiocarbamates, Urea, Thiourea, and Carboxanilide Pesticides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mass Spectrometry of Carbamates.- 2.1. EI Mass Spectrometry of Carbamates.- 2.2. CI Mass Spectrometry of Carbamates.- 2.3. Other Ionization Methods for Carbamates.- 3. Thiocarbonates.- 4. Thiocarbamates.- 4.1. Dithiocarbamates.- 4.2. Thiuramdisulfides.- 5. Urea and Thiourea Herbicides.- 5.1. N-Phenylureas.- 5.2. Thioureas.- 5.3. Carboxanilides.- 5.4. Trifluralin.- References.- 18. Mass Spectrometry of Chlorinated Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Pesticides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dimethanonaphthalenes.- 2.1. Dieldrin.- 2.2. Endrin.- 2.3. Dieldrin and Aldrin.- 2.4. Isodrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide, Nonachlor, and Chlordanes.- 2.5. Mirex and Kepone.- 2.6. Toxaphene.- References.- 19. Triazine Herbicides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Atrazine and Simazine.- 3. Methoxy-s-Triazines.- 4. Cyanazine, Cyanatryn, and Procyazine.- 5. Cyprazine.- 6. Terbutryn.- 7. Dialkylamino-Substituted Chloro-s-Triazines.- 8. Hexazinone.- 9. Metribuzin.- References.- 20. Other Herbicides: Diphenyl Ethers, Dinitroanilines, Dinitrophenols, Substituted Benzoic Acids, Phosphonates, Uracils, and Dipyridyliums.- 1. Diphenyl Ether Herbicides.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Fluorodifen.- 1.3. Diclofop-Methyl.- 1.4. Oxyfluoren, Nitrofen, and CNP.- 2. Dinitroaniline and Dinitrophenol Herbicides.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Dinitroanilines.- 2.3. Dinitrophenols.- 3. Substituted Benzoic Acid and Benzonitrile Herbicides.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Chloramben.- 3.3. Bromoxynil.- 3.4. Dicamba.- 4. Phosphonate Herbicides.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Glyphosate.- 5. Uracil Herbicides.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Terbacil and Bromacil.- 6. Pyridylium Herbicides.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Diquat, Paraquat, and Cyperquat.- References.- 21. Organophosphorus Compounds.- 1. Mass Spectrometry as a Tool in Analytical Chemistry.- 2. General Principles of the Mass Spectra of OPs.- 3. EI Mass Spectra of OPs.- 3.1. Proportion of Ion Current Containing Phosphorus Ions.- 3.2. Molecular Ion Abundance.- 3.3. Losses of Radicals (R?) From A or B.- 3.4. Loss of (R-H).- 3.5. Loss of Mass 32 (S).- 3.6. Maximization of PXH Groups.- 3.7. P(S)-OR versus P O)-SR.- 4. Procedures for Quantitative Mass Spectroscopy.- 5. Detection of Metabolites in MR Analysis of Phosphorus Acids and Hydrogen Phosphites.- 6. Positive-Ion Chemical Ionization (PCI).- 7. Negative Ionization (NI) and Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization (NCI).- 8. Desorption and Ionization Techniques.- 9. Phosphorylation in the Analysis of Amines, Phenols, Alcohols, and Thiols.- 10. Mass Spectroscopy in Analysis of OPs-An Overview.- References.- 22. Fungicides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Analytical Considerations.- 2.1. Electron Ionization.- 2.2. Other Ionization Processes.- 2.3. Authenticated Standards.- 3. Analytical Applications.- 4. Confirmation of Structure.- 5. Breakdown and Metabolic Studies.- 6. Systemic Fungicide Studies.- References.- 23. Pyrethroids.- 1. Analysis of Pyrethroids.- 2. General Principles for Applications of Mass Spectroscopy (MS).- 3. EI Mass Spectra of Pyrethroids.- 4. Positive-Ion Chemical fonization (PCI) Mass Spectra of Pyrethroids.- 5. Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization (NCI).- 6. Structural Characterization and MS/MS.- References.- 24. Mass Spectrometry of Some Female Lepidopteran Sex Pheromones and Related Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gas-Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GLC/MS) Instrumentation.- 3. Mass Spectrometry of Saturated and Unsaturated Long-Chain Aliphatic Alcohols, Acetates, and Aldehydes.- 3.1. Mass Spectrometry of Alcohols, Acetates, and Aldehydes.- 3.2. Chemical Ionization of Saturated and Unsaturated Long-Chain Alcohols, Acetates, and Aldehydes.- 3.3. CI (Nitric Oxide).- 3.4. Negative Chemical Ionization (NCI) of Saturated and Unsaturated Alcohols, Acetates, and Aldehydes.- 4. Mass Spectrometry of Derivatives of Unsaturated Compounds.- 4.1. Hydrogenation or Deuteration.- 4.2. Ozonolysis.- 4.3. Epoxidation.- 4.4. Silylation.- 4.5. Methoxymercuration-Demercuration.- 4.6. Trimethylsilyloxy and O-Isopropylidene Derivatives.- References.- 25. Mass Spectrometry of N-Nitrosamines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dialkyl N-Nitrosamines.- 3. Heterocyclic N-Nitrosamines.- 4. Alicylcic N-Nitrosamines.- 5. Aromatic Nitrosamines.- 6. Nonvolatile N-Nitrosamines.- 7. Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of N-Nitrosamines.- References.- 26. Other Industrial Pollutants and Natural Toxins.- 1. Industrial Pollutants.- 2. Fungal and Plant Toxins.- References.
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 28.2.1985 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | 81 black & white illustrations, biography |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Gewicht | 1000 g |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz |
| Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-306-41552-6 / 0306415526 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-306-41552-4 / 9780306415524 |
| Zustand | Neuware |
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