SURVIVOR'S GUIDE Quick Reviews and Test Taking Skills for USMLE STEP 3 (eBook)

vijay naik (Autor)

eBook Download: EPUB

2020 | 1. Auflage
330 Seiten
Bookbaby (Verlag)
978-1-0983-1641-9 (ISBN)

Infos

This book is designed to master, have a quick review of clues and concepts right before taking the exam and helps connect the dots. It helps recollect all the concepts and points that are needed to ace this exam and get a high end score. It's a refined combination of the most important essential clues and concepts in a quick review that will give a massive boost to your score in your last week of exam preparations. This tool is designed to give you a quick easy review of all the essential information before the exam. The book also includes a chapter on test taking skills to help you process the questions better and prevent a student from running out of time on a test day or doubt themselves and change option choices and a separate chapter on solving step3-ccs cases making sure you do everything needed to ace the cases.

Textauszug

Quick Review- Cardiology

Homocysteine can be metabolized to form what? Homocysteine can be methylated to form?

Cysteine; Methionine

What co-factor is needed to convert homocysteine to cysteine?

B6

What do you give a patient with elevated homocysteine?

B12, Folate, B6

Why are calcium channel blockers contraindicated in myocardial infarction?

Reflex Tachycardia

What valvular disease is associated with angiodysplasia?

Aortic Stenosis

How does endocarditis with septic emboli to the lungs appear?

Nodular Infiltrate with Cavitation

Prolonged QRS is also known as?

Bradyarrhythmia

Prolonged QT is known as what and can lead to what condition?

Tachyarrhythmia; Torsades

What complication can occur days to months after an MI?

Ventricular Aneurysm

How do you treat aortic regurgitation?

Afterload reduction- Calcium Channel Blockers

Prinzmetal angina occurs mostly in what demographic?

Young females

What is a risk factor for Prinzmetal angina?

Smoking

How does Prinzmetal angina show up on EKG?

Transient ST elevation

What is the treatment for Prinzmetal angina?

Calcium channel blockers or Nitrates

What medications are contraindicated in Prinzmetal angina?

Beta blocker and Aspirin

How can a ventricular aneurysm present?

Congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, mitral regurgitation and/or thrombus

What can an aortic dissection lead to?

Aortic regurgitation

What is the PR interval in 1st degree heart block?

PR interval > 0.2

What occurs in constrictive pericarditis?

The pericardium is thickened and there is poor diastolic filling

What are the signs and symptoms for constrictive pericarditis?

JVP, Ascites, Hepatic congestion (looks like right sided heart failure), Low Voltage EKG

What arrhythmia is most specific for digoxin toxicity?

Atrial tachycardia with AV block

Signs and symptoms of Leriche syndrome?

Hip, thigh and buttocks claudication; Impotence; Symmetric atrophy of bilateral lower extremity

When can a cholesterol embolization occur?

After a cardiac angiogram

What are the signs and symptoms of a cholesterol embolization?

Increased eosinophils in blood and urine; decreased complement; livedo reticularis; acute renal failure

How do you diagnose aortic dissection?

Transesophageal echocardiogram

What causes stasis dermatitis and what does it result in?

Venous valvular incompetence; venous hypertension

What causes the color of the leg in stasis dermatitis?

Hemosiderin deposition

What is the best 1st line diuretic?

Hydrochlorothiazide

What falls under the category of supraventricular tachycardia?

Multifocal atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia, junctional tachycardia

How do you treat PSVTs (narrow QRS complex tachycardia)?

Vagal maneuvers or Adenosine

What happens to the murmur in Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy as preload decreases?

It will increase as preload decreases because of increased outflow obstruction

What happens 3-7 days post MI?

Interventricular/papillary/ ventricular wall rupture

What does infective endocarditis lead to?

Tricuspid Regurgitation

How does a hemodynamically stable supraventricular tachycardia be treated?

Vagal maneuver first, if that doesn’t work then adenosine

How do you treat a hemodynamically unstable supraventricular tachycardia?

Cardioversion

What happens to cardiac index, left ventricular end diastolic volume and total peripheral resistance in systolic heart failure?

Cardiac index is decreased; Left ventricular end diastolic volume is increased; Total peripheral resistance is increased

What happens to Cardiac output, pulmonary wedge capillary pressure and systemic vascular resistance in hypovolemic shock?

Decreased cardiac output, decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and increased systemic vascular resistance

What kind of murmur is seen in tricuspid regurgitation?

Holosystolic murmur that increases with inspiration (decreased intrathoracic pressure)

What kind of murmur is seen in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?

Crescendo-decrescendo murmur with no radiation to carotids and is found in lower left sternal border

How does adenosine work in supraventricular tachycardia?

It will increase conduction delay through the AV node

What happens to heart rate and blood pressure in hypovolemic shock?

Increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure

In heart failure, what does the kidney do to try to compensate?

Activates RAAS, which causes angiotensin 2 to constrict efferent arteriole and then aldosterone absorbs more sodium causing water retention and elevation of total body volume

How does cardiac silhouette appear in pericardial effusions?

It is enlarged and looks like a “water bottle”

What do you see on physical exam with pericardial effusion?

Non-palpable point of maximal impulse and diminished heart sounds

What symptoms can you see in both pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade?

Hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds, positive hepatojugular reflex and pulsus paradoxus.

What can infective endocarditis present with?

Systemic arterial emboli, roth spots, osler’s nodes and janeway lesions

What is an adverse effect seen with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

Peripheral edema

What is strongest influence on long-term prognosis for an ST-elevation MI?

The duration of time that passes before coronary blood flow is restored via PCA or fibrinolysis

What is the most important intervention for BP control?

Weight loss Weight loss> physical activity> salt restriction > alcohol

What type of murmur do you see in mitral regurgitation?

Holosystolic murmur radiating to axilla and will have a soft S1

What symptoms are seen in aortic regurgitation?

Wide pulse pressure (systolic- diastolic) which patients experience as a “pounding” heartbeat

What can pericardial fibrosis cause?

Constrictive pericarditis

How does constrictive pericarditis present?

Presents like CHF, positive kussmaul’s sign (increase JVP on inspiration and pedal edema.

What is a cause of constrictive pericarditis in developing countries?

Tuberculosis

What do you give for nitroglycerine?

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema because it will decrease preload and relieve dyspnea and tachycardia

How does cardiogenic pulmonary edema present?

Bibasilar rales and wheezing

How does digoxin and furosemide/loop diuretics work in CHF?

It decreases CHF symptoms but does not improve survival

What are patients with a history of rheumatic fever at increased risk for?

Risk of recurrent episodes and progression of rheumatic heart disease with repeated infection by group A streptococcus pharyngitis. Need penicillin prophylaxis

What are the class 1C anti-arrhythmics?

Flecainide/Propafenone

How does class 1C anti-arrhythmics work?

They block sodium channels and has the slowest binding and dissociation from the sodium channels

What 1C drug demonstrates...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 29.5.2020
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Studium
• ISBN-10: 1-0983-1641-X / 109831641X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-0983-1641-9 / 9781098316419