Lasers in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (eBook)

Stefan Stübinger, Florian Klämpfl, Michael Schmidt, Hans-Florian Zeilhofer (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2020 | 1st ed. 2020
VIII, 269 Seiten
Springer International Publishing (Verlag)
978-3-030-29604-9 (ISBN)

Infos

This book provides surgeons with important insights into laser technologies as well as a sound understanding of their current and potential applications within oral and maxillofacial surgery and related disciplines. The opening chapters focus on the relevant physical background, the technology of the typically used lasers, laser-tissue interactions, and the treatment systems. Detailed information is then provided on the various established applications of laser treatments, including in relation to skin and mucosa and the dental hard tissues and bone. Special applications are also described, for example with respect to periodontal surgery, peri-implantitis therapy, photodynamic treatment, holography and additive manufacturing. The book closes by examining technologies that will soon be available for application in hospitals, topics which are currently the subject of research, and laser safety. Beyond surgeons, the book will be of value for engineers and scientists working in the field of medical engineering using lasers. 

Stefan Stübinger, PD Dr. med. dent., is a member of the Hightech Research Center of Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Basle, Switzerland. Prior to taking up this position in 2015, he was a member of the Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology Group, University of Zurich, where he was group leader of the Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology Group. He worked as Senior Assistant Surgeon in the Department for Oral, Cranio-maxillofacial, and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany. He was awarded his Habilitation in 2012 and is co-founder of several MedTech start-up companies. 

Florian Klämpfl, Dr.-Ing., is group manager (Medical Photonics) at the Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. He gained a Diploma in Electrical Engineering at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg in 2003 and subsequently worked at Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH. From 2009 to 2014 he was scientific assistant (Sensors, Control, Real-time Systems, and Medical Photonics) at the Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg. He gained his doctorate in 2015 for a thesis on planning of laser irradiations by simulation-based optimization and took up his current position in the same year.

Michael Schmidt, Prof. Dr.-Ing., has been managing director at Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH, Erlangen, Germany since 2005. In 2009 he was appointed Ordinarius at the Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg. Furthermore, he is president of the German Scientific Laser Society (WLT).  Prof. Schmidt is a member of the Board of Directors of the Laser Institute of America (LIA) and vice chairman of the STC-E of the CIRP. He has been involved in major international projects, e. g. with Kazan University, Russia and Institute National d'Optique, Québec, Canada, and has served on the organizing committees of various leading international conferences. He is editor of several international journals.

Hans Florian Zeilhofer, Prof. Dr. med., Dr. med. dent., Dr. h.c., is Head of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at University Hospital Basel and head physician for oral and maxillofacial surgery at Kantonsspital Aarau. Dr. Zeilhofer was appointed Professor of Maxillofacial Surgery at the Medical School of the University of Basel in 2002. From 2008 to 2012 he was interim leader of the Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry at the University of Basel. From 2007 to 2015 Dr. Zeilhofer served as President of the Swiss Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (SGMKG). He is a founding member of the Swiss Institute for Computer-Assisted Surgery has been involved in various MedTech start-up companies. He is the recipient of a number of honors and awards.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Contents 7
Part I: Laser Fundamentals 9
1: Physical Fundamentals 10
1.1 Prequel 10
1.2 Basic Properties of Light 11
1.2.1 Geometrical Optics: Light as Rays 11
1.2.2 Wave Optics 11
1.2.3 Photons 11
1.3 Light Propagation 12
1.4 Light-Matter Interaction 13
1.5 Scattering of Light 13
1.5.1 Elastic Scattering 13
1.5.2 Inelastic Scattering 14
References 15
2: An Introduction to Laser 16
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Physics of Laser 18
2.3 Laser Light Properties 22
2.3.1 Coherence 22
2.3.2 Divergence and Directionality 23
2.3.3 Monochromaticity 23
2.3.4 Brightness 24
2.4 Gaussian Beam Optics 24
2.5 Solid-State Lasers 26
2.6 Gas Lasers 27
2.7 Semiconductor Lasers 27
References 29
Suggested Reading 30
3: Laser–Tissue Interaction 31
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Optical Properties of Tissue 33
3.2.1 Absorption 33
3.2.2 Scattering 34
3.3 Photochemical Interaction 35
3.3.1 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 35
3.3.2 Laser Biostimulation 36
3.4 Photothermal Interaction 36
3.5 Photoablation 37
3.6 Plasma-Induced Ablation 37
3.7 Photodisruption 38
3.8 Conclusion 39
References 39
Part II: Clinical and Technical Applications 41
4: Prevention and Treatment of Oral Mucositis in Cancer Patients Using Photobiomodulation (Low-Level Laser Therapy and Light-Emitting Diodes) 42
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Oral Mucositis 43
4.2.1 Photobiomodulation (PBM) and Oral Mucositis 45
4.2.2 New Beneficial Evidence 47
References 47
5: Photodynamic Reactions for the Treatment of Oral-Facial Lesions and Microbiological Control 50
5.1 Introduction 51
5.2 Photodynamic Therapy in Facial Lesions 53
5.3 Photodynamic Therapy of Head and Neck Cancers 56
5.3.1 Protocols and Determining Factors in the Outcome 56
5.3.2 Lesion Size and Appearance 57
5.3.3 Dosimetry 57
5.3.4 Site 57
5.4 Photodynamic Inactivation 58
References 59
6: Biophotonic Based Orofacial Rehabilitation and Harmonization 63
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 Photonic Therapies for Orofacial Rehabilitation and Harmonization 64
6.2.1 Photobiomodulation 64
6.2.1.1 Red Light (622–780 nm) 65
6.2.1.2 Near Infrared Light (780–1500 nm) 66
6.2.1.3 Blue Light (455–492 nm) 66
6.2.1.4 Amber Light (577–622 nm) 67
6.2.1.5 Violet Light (390–455 nm) 68
6.2.1.6 Green Light (492–577 nm) 68
6.2.2 Photokinesiotherapies 69
6.3 Photopeelings 74
6.4 Conclusion 78
References 78
7: Use of Er:YAG Laser in Conservative Dentistry and Adhesion Process 81
7.1 Er:YAG Laser Interaction with Enamel and Dentine 81
7.2 Laser Er:YAG and Adhesion 86
7.3 Clinical Cases and Protocols for Laser Conservative Dentistry 89
References 93
8: Deep Lasers on Hard Tissue and Laser Prevention in Oral Health 94
8.1 Laser and Hypersensitivity 94
8.1.1 Nd:YAG Laser: LITS Technique 95
8.1.2 Diode Laser 97
8.2 Er:YAG Sealing 99
References 100
9: Laser in Bone Surgery 101
9.1 Introduction 102
9.2 History of Hard Tissue Laser Ablation 102
9.3 The Physics Behind the Laser–Bone Interaction 103
9.3.1 The Middle-Infrared Lasers 103
9.3.1.1 The Effect of Water Absorption 103
9.3.1.2 The Effect of Pulse Duration 104
9.3.1.3 The Effect of Water Cooling 104
9.3.1.4 The Effect of Beam Quality 105
9.3.2 Neodymium-Doped Lasers 105
9.3.3 Ultrashort Pulsed Lasers 106
References 108
10: Utilization of Dental Laser as an Adjunct for Periodontal Surgery 112
10.1 Introduction 113
10.2 History of Lasers in the Periodontal Field 113
10.3 Types of Lasers Used in Periodontics: Characteristics and Indications 113
10.4 Applications of Lasers in Periodontal Therapy 114
10.4.1 Treatment of Periodontal Diseases 115
10.4.1.1 Introduction to Gingivitis and Periodontitis 115
10.4.1.2 Nonsurgical Therapy 115
10.4.1.3 Surgical Therapy 117
10.4.1.4 Regenerative Therapy 117
10.4.2 Soft Tissue Applications 119
10.4.3 Hard Tissue Indications 120
10.4.3.1 Calculus Removal 120
10.4.3.2 Osseous Surgery 121
10.4.3.3 Dentinal Hypersensitivity 121
10.5 Current Status 121
10.6 Conclusions 122
References 122
11: Laser-Assisted Therapy for Peri-implant Diseases 124
11.1 Introduction 125
11.2 Physics of Laser 125
11.2.1 Characteristics of Laser Therapy 125
11.2.2 Definition and Prevalence of Peri-implant Diseases 127
11.2.3 Main Etiologic Factors Associated with Peri-implant Diseases 127
11.2.4 Why Can Laser Assist in the Treatment of Peri-implant Diseases 128
11.2.4.1 Implant Surface Detoxification with Laser Therapy 128
11.2.4.2 Soft and Hard Tissue Wound Healing Following Laser Therapy 129
11.2.5 How Can Laser Be Used in the Treatment of Peri-implant Diseases? 130
11.2.5.1 Nonsurgical Laser Therapy for Peri-implant Diseases 130
11.2.5.2 Surgical Laser Therapy for Peri-implantitis 132
11.3 Summary 134
References 135
12: Laser Applications and Autofluorescence 139
12.1 Noninvasive Methods in Diagnostics and Surgical Oncology 140
12.2 Autofluorescence: Background 141
12.3 Autofluorescence: A Diagnostic Support in Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions 141
12.4 Clinical Applications of Autofluorescence in Oral Surgery 144
12.4.1 Autofluorescence-Guided Biopsy 144
12.4.2 Autofluorescence-Guided Excision 146
12.5 Conclusions 150
References 150
13: Cartilage Reshaping 152
13.1 Introduction 153
13.2 Basic Science of Cartilage Reshaping 153
13.2.1 Laser Shaping of Cartilage 153
13.2.2 Ex Vivo Cartilage Reshaping 155
13.2.2.1 Dosimetry Studies 155
13.2.3 Cartilage Properties 156
13.2.3.1 Optical Properties of Cartilage 156
13.2.3.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Cartilage 157
Stress Relaxation 157
Temperature Dependence of LCR 157
Mechanical Properties 158
Thermal Properties 158
Modeling of Cartilage Reshaping 159
13.2.3.3 Biophysical Properties and Cartilage Behavior 159
13.2.4 Control Systems in Laser Cartilage Reshaping 161
13.3 Clinical Applications 161
13.3.1 In Vivo LCR 161
13.3.1.1 Effects of LCR on Chondrocyte Viability 162
13.3.1.2 Long-Term Viability 163
13.3.2 LCR of the Airway 163
13.3.3 LCR of Septal Cartilage 164
13.3.3.1 Clinical Results of Laser Reshaping of Nasal Septal Cartilage 164
13.3.4 LCR of Auricular Cartilage 165
13.3.4.1 Cryogen Spray Cooling in LCR 168
13.4 Conclusions 170
References 170
14: Laser Treatment of MEDICATION-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws 174
14.1 Introduction 175
14.2 Conservative Management of MRONJ 176
14.2.1 Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and MRONJ Treatment 177
14.3 Surgical Management of MRONJ 179
14.3.1 Laser Surgery of MRONJ 179
14.3.2 Autofluorescence-Guided Surgical Approach Performed with Er:YAG Laser 181
14.4 Conclusions 189
References 190
15: Laser Scanning in Maxillofacial Surgery 193
15.1 Introduction 194
15.2 The Method of Laser Scanning 194
15.3 The Laser Scanning of Plaster Models, Impressions and Skull Models 196
15.4 The Laser Scanning for Oral Surgical Planning and for the Assessment of Facial Swelling After Oral Surgery 197
15.5 The Laser Scanning of Malformations 197
15.6 The Laser Scanning in Facial Aesthetics and Epithetic Procedures 199
15.7 The Laser Scanning in Orthodontic Treatment and Orthognathic Surgery 201
15.8 Conclusion 202
References 202
16: Holographic 3D Visualisation of Medical Scan Images 206
16.1 Introduction 207
16.2 Physiology of Human Visual Perception 207
16.2.1 Benefits of 3D Visualisation 208
16.3 Light Field Synthesis 209
16.3.1 Integral Imaging 209
16.3.2 Holography and Laser Interference 210
16.3.2.1 Transmission and Reflection Holograms 210
16.3.3 Static 3D Imaging and Digital Holography 212
16.3.3.1 Digital Hologram Channelling and Animation 214
16.3.4 Case Study: Facial Forensics for Archaeology 214
16.4 Graphics Processing Medical Data for 3D Visualisation 215
16.4.1 Data and File Formats 215
16.5 Dynamic 3D Imaging: Video Displays 216
16.5.1 Light Field Displays 216
16.5.1.1 Zebra Imaging and FoVI3D 217
16.5.1.2 Multi-projector Arrays 217
16.5.2 Electro-holographic Displays 218
16.5.2.1 Rewriteable Holographic Materials 218
16.5.2.2 MIT Acousto-Optical Modulation 219
16.5.2.3 Qinetiq EASLM Array 219
16.5.2.4 SeeReal Eye-Tracking System 219
16.5.2.5 Holoxica Volume Displays 219
16.5.2.6 Emerging Companies 220
16.5.3 Case Study: Dental Implant Planning 220
16.6 Conclusions 221
References 221
17: Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing 224
17.1 Introduction 225
17.2 Technology Overview 225
17.2.1 Material Extrusion 226
17.2.2 Vat Photopolymerisation 227
17.2.3 Powder Bed Fusion 227
17.2.4 Binder Jetting 227
17.2.5 Material Jetting 227
17.3 From Medical Imaging Data to Manufacturing and Post-processing 227
17.4 Oral and Maxillofacial Applications for Additive Manufacturing 228
17.5 Biological Response 230
17.5.1 Other Alloys 232
17.6 Concluding Remarks 232
References 232
18: Lasers in the Dental Laboratory 235
18.1 Laser for Joining Metals 235
18.2 CAD/CAM Laser as Scanner 236
18.3 CAD/CAM Stereolithography (SLA) 237
18.4 Laser Melting of Metals (DMLS) Direct Metal Laser Sintering 237
18.5 Hybrid 238
18.6 Printing Ceramics/ZrO2 240
19: The MIRACLE 242
19.1 The Pathway from Bone Cutting with Mechanical Tools to Lasers 242
19.2 CARLO®, the First Robot for Bone Cutting with Laser 243
19.3 The Future of Laser Osteotomy: The MIRACLE Project 244
19.4 The First Application Areas for the MIRACLE Osteotome 244
19.5 The Intelligent Miniature Robot for the MIRACLE Project 245
References 247
20: Laser Safety 249
20.1 Lasers 250
20.2 Why We Need to Avoid Laser Exposure 250
20.3 Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) 251
20.4 Classification of Laser 253
20.5 Manufacturer Responsibilities 254
20.6 Ensuring Safety 254
References 256
Index 257

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 25.3.2020
• Zusatzinfo: VIII, 269 p. 147 illus., 125 illus. in color.
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Zahnmedizin
• Schlagworte: Laser Safety • Laser-tissue Interaction • Laser treatment of dental hard tissues and bone • Laser treatment of skin and mucosa • LLLT in oral and maxillofacial surgery • Peri-implantitis therapy • Robot supported laser surgery • TMJ arthroscopic surgery
• ISBN-10: 3-030-29604-0 / 3030296040
• ISBN-13: 978-3-030-29604-9 / 9783030296049