Baran and Dawber's Diseases of the Nails and their Management (eBook)

Robert Baran, David A. R. de Berker, Mark Holzberg, Bianca Maria Piraccini, Bertrand Richert, Luc Thomas (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2018 | 5. Auflage
1008 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-119-32422-5 (ISBN)

Infos

The definitive guide to the science, diagnosis and treatment of all known nail diseases

The fifth edition of Baran & Dawber's Diseases of the Nails and their Management continues to offer an encyclopedic account of the human nail that is unparalleled in its detail and scope. With contributions from some of the world's leading dermatologists, the book's exhaustive coverage encompasses the cosmetic and therapeutic management of every form of nail disease. High-quality images and diagrams illustrate and enhance this essential reference guide, while easy-to-navigate sub-chapters help you to find the information you need quickly and accurately.  

This book:

• Is edited by Professor Robert Baran, the world's leading expert on the human nail, together with a team of world-renowned experts from across Europe and North America
• Provides clinical information on all nail diseases
• Aids differential diagnosis by color, shape, and location
• Contains over 1,500 images
• Includes access to a companion website featuring downloadable images and videos of nail procedures

Whether they are new to the field or have been practicing for years, dermatologists, podiatrists, and all of those managing patients with nail diseases should have a copy of Baran & Dawber's Diseases of the Nails and their Management at their disposal.

Robert Baran, MD, PhD, is Head of the Nail Disease Centre, Cannes, France, and Former Consultant- Dermatologist at the Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, Paris, France. He is also an Honorary Professor of the University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.

David de Berker, BA, MBBS, MRCP, PhD, is a Consultant Dermatologist at Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK.

Mark Holzberg, MD, PhD, is Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine and Founder, Newnan Dermatology, Newnan, Georgia, USA.

Bianca Maria Piraccini, MD, PhD, is Associate Professor in Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Bertrand Richert, MD, PhD, is Professor of Dermatology at Brugmann, St Pierre and HUDERF University Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.

Luc Thomas, MD, PhD, is Professor of Dermatology and Chairman at Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Lyon 1 University and Lyon Cancer Research Center, Lyon, France.

Inhalt

List of Contributors vii

List of Abbreviations ix

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

About the Companion Website xiv

Part I The Normal Nail and Nail Signs 1

1 Science of the Nail Apparatus 1
David de Berker, Beth S. Ruben, and Robert Baran

2 Physical Signs 59
Adam Rubin, Mark Holzberg, and Robert Baran

Part II Imaging of the Nail Unit 105

3 Nail Photography 105
Paola Pasquali

4 Dermoscopy 113
Luc Thomas, Sébastien Debarbieux, and Amélie Boespflug

5 Ultrasound and Other Imaging Methods 140
Ximena Wortsman, Gregor B.E. Jemec, and Axel Villani

6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 175
Jean-Luc Drapé

7 Nail Fold Capillary Microscopy or Capillaroscopy 201
Gregor B.E. Jemec

8 Confocal Microscopy 204
Sébastien Debarbieux, Amélie Boespflug, Bruno Labeille, and Luc Thomas

Part III Nail Disorders Occurring Principally in Childhood 213

9 Hereditary and Congenital Nail Disorders 213
Smail Hadj-Rabia, Rudolf Happle, Bianca Maria Piraccini, and Robert Baran

10 Nail Disorders in Childhood 297
David de Berker, Bianca Maria Piraccini, Beth S. Ruben, and Robert Baran

Part IV Nail Disorders in the Elderly 337

11 The Aging Nail and Related Disorders 337
Bertrand Richert

Part V Nail Infections 349

12 Fungal (Onychomycosis) and Other Infections Involving the Nail Apparatus 349
Roderick J. Hay, Boni Elewski, Bianca Maria Piraccini, Nikki Sullivan, Casey Wang, and Robert Baran

13 Bacterial, Viral, and Other Infections 390
Archana Singal and Bertrand Richert

Part VI The Nail in Dermatological Conditions 409

14 Dermatological Disorders 409
Bianca Maria Piraccini, Mark Holzberg, Marcel Pasch, and Dimitrios Rigopoulos

Part VII The Nail in Systemic Conditions 481

15 The Nail in Systemic Disease 481
Mark Holzberg and Bianca Maria Piraccini

16 Drug-induced Nail Disorders 574
Bianca Maria Piraccini

17 Anticancer Therapies 604
Vincent Sibaud, Robert Baran, Bianca Maria Piraccini, Mario E. Lacouture, and Caroline Robert

Part VIII The Nail in Occupational, Podiatric, and Cosmetic Conditions 617

18 Occupational Abnormalities and Contact Dermatitis 617
Robert Baran and An Goossens

19 Cosmetics: the Care and Adornment of the Nail 646
Douglas Schoon and Robert Baran

20 Trauma from Footwear and Pedal Deformities 662
Bertrand Richert

Part IX Nail Tumors and Surgery 675

21 Tumors of the Nail Apparatus and Adjacent Tissues 675
Marcel Pasch, Eckart Haneke, Robert Baran, Luc Thomas, and Bertrand Richert

22 Nail Surgery 825
Bertrand Richert, Eckart Haneke, Elvin G. Zook, and Robert Baran

Appendix 896
Mark Holzberg

Index 949

Textauszug

Chapter 1
Science of the Nail Apparatus

David de Berker1, Beth S. Ruben2, and Robert Baran3

1 Bristol Dermatology Centre, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK

2 Dermatology/Dermatopathology, University of California, San Francisco

Dermatopathology, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA

3 Hon. Pr. of the University of Franche‐Comté; Nail Disease Centre, Cannes, France

CHAPTER MENU

• Gross anatomy and terminology
• Embryology
• Morphogenesis
• Tissue differentiation
• Factors in embryogenesis
• Histological preparation
• Regional anatomy
• Nail matrix and lunula
• Nail bed and hyponychium
• Nail folds
• Nail plate
• Vascular supply
• Arterial supply
• Venous drainage
• Effects of altered vascular supply
• Nail fold vessels
• Glomus bodies
• Nerve supply
• Comparative anatomy and function
• The nail and other appendages
• Phylogenetic comparisons
• Physiology
• Nail production
• Normal nail morphology
• Nail growth
• Nail plate biochemical analysis
• Physical properties of nails
• Strength
• Permeability
• Radiation penetration

Gross anatomy and terminology

Knowledge of nail unit anatomy and terms is important for clinical and scientific work [1, 2]. The nail is an opalescent window through to the vascular nail bed. It is held in place by the nail folds, origin at the matrix, and attachment to the nail bed. It ends at a free edge distally, overlying the hyponychium. These structures are illustrated in Figs 1.1–1.4. Definitions of the components of the nail unit are as follows.

• Nail plate (nail): durable keratinized structure which continues growing throughout life.
• Lateral nail folds: the cutaneous folded structures providing the lateral borders to the nail.
• Proximal nail fold (posterior nail fold): cutaneous folded structure providing the visible proximal border of the nail, continuous with the cuticle. On the undersurface this becomes the dorsal matrix.
• Cuticle (eponychium): the layer of epidermis extending from the proximal nail fold and adhering to the dorsal aspect of the nail plate.
• Nail matrix (nail root): traditionally, this can be split into three parts [3]. The dorsal matrix is synonymous with the ventral aspect of the proximal nail fold. The intermediate matrix (germinative matrix) is the epithelial structure starting at the point where the dorsal matrix folds back on itself to underlie the proximal nail. The ventral matrix is synonymous with the nail bed and starts at the border of the lunula, where the intermediate matrix stops. It is limited distally by the hyponychium.
• Lunula (half moon): the convex margin of the intermediate matrix seen through the nail. It is paler than the adjacent nail bed. It is most commonly visible on the thumbs and great toes. It may be concealed by the proximal nail fold.
• Nail bed (ventral matrix, sterile matrix): the vascular bed upon which the nail rests, extending from the lunula to the hyponychium. This is the major territory seen through the nail plate.
• Onychodermal band: the distal margin of the nail bed has a contrasting hue in comparison with the rest of the nail bed [4]. Normally, this is a transverse band of 1–1.5 mm of a deeper pink (white) or brown (Afro‐Caribbean). Its color, or presence, may vary with disease or compression, which influences the vascular supply (Fig. 1.5). Sonnex et al. [5] examined 1000 nails from thumbs and fingers in 100 subjects, alive and dead. In addition to clinical observation, they obtained histology from cadavers. Their findings are summarized in Table 1.1. The onychodermal band represents the first barrier to penetration of materials beyond the nail plate. Disruption of this barrier by disease or trauma precipitates a range of further events affecting the nail bed. The white appearance of the central band represents the transmission of light from the digit tip through the stratum corneum and up through the nail. If the digit is placed against a black surface, the band appears dark.
• Hyponychium: the cutaneous margin underlying free nail, bordered distally by the distal groove (Fig. 1.6).
• Distal groove (limiting furrow): a cutaneous ridge demarcating the border between subungual structures and the digit pulp.

Figure 1.1 (a,b) Longitudinal section of a digit showing the dorsal nail apparatus.

Figure 1.2 The tip of a digit showing the component parts of the nail apparatus.

Figure 1.3 Proximal nail unit in longitudinal excision. Longitudinal view. A, Cuticle. B, Proximal nail fold. C, Distal matrix including keratogenous zone. D, Proximal matrix. E, Dorsal matrix. F, Ventral aspect of proximal nail fold.

Figure 1.4 Distal nail matrix and nail bed in longitudinal excision. (a,b) Longitudinal view of the distal matrix and nail bed epithelium with overlying nail plate. (c,d) Transverse sections of the nail unit taken from an amputation for melanoma illustrating the nail bed longitudinal ridges in cross‐section (C1), lateral nail groove (C2), and underlying phalanx (C3).

Figure 1.5 (a) Onychodermal band. (b) Diagrammatic representation of the morphological features of the normal nail; detail of the distal physiological color bands are shown.

Courtesy of T.S. Sonnex and W.A.D. Griffiths.

Table 1.1 Clinical appearance of distal zones of the nail bed.

Zone

Subzone

Appearance

Free edge

–

Clear gray

Onychocorneal band

I

Distal pink zone

0.5–2 mm distal pink margin, may merge with free edge

II

Central white band

0.1–1 mm distal white band representing the point of attachment of the stratum corneum arising from the digit pulp

III

Proximal pink gradient

Merging with nail bed

Figure 1.6 Distal nail unit in longitudinal excision. Onychodermal band (A) at the junction with the hyponychium (B) where a granular zone is again found along with acral compact stratum corneum.

Embryology

Morphogenesis

8–12 weeks

Individual digits are discernible from the 8th week of gestation [3]. The first embryonic element of the nail unit is the nail anlage, present from 9 weeks as the epidermis overlying the dorsal tip of the digit. At 10 weeks, a distinct region can be seen and is described as the primary nail field. This almost overlies the tip of the terminal phalanx, with clear proximal and lateral grooves in addition to a well‐defined distal groove. The prominence of this groove is partly due to the distal ridge, thrown up proximally, accentuating the contour. The primary nail field grows proximally by a wedge of germinative matrix cells extending back from the tip of the digit. These cells are proximal to both the distal groove and ridge. The spatial relationship of these two latter structures remains relatively constant as the former becomes the vestigial distal groove and the latter the hyponychium (Fig. 1.7).

Figure 1.7 Embryogenesis of the nail apparatus. 10 weeks, The primary nail field can be seen with proximal, lateral, and distal grooves. The latter is accentuated by a distal ridge. 13 weeks, A wedge of matrix primordium moves proximally, with the invagination of the proximal nail fold above. 14 weeks, The nail plate emerges. 17 weeks, The nail plate covers most of the nail bed and the distal ridge starts to flatten. 20 weeks, The nail plate extends to the distal ridge, now termed hyponychium. Finger and nail grow roughly in tandem from now on. Fetuses are one‐fifth of the actual size.

13–14 weeks

Differential growth of the slowly developing primary nail field and surrounding tissue results in the emergence of overhanging proximal and lateral nail folds. Depending on the point of reference, the nail folds may be interpreted as overhanging [6] or the matrix as invaginating. By 13 weeks the nail field is well defined in the finger, with the matrix primordium underlying a proximal nail fold. By 14 weeks the nail plate is seen emerging from beneath the proximal nail fold, with elements arising from the lunula as well as more proximal matrix.

17 weeks to birth

At...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 7.12.2018
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Dermatologie
• Schlagworte: dermatologic surgery • Dermatologie • Dermatologische Chirurgie • Dermatology • Medical Science • Medizin
• ISBN-10: 1-119-32422-X / 111932422X
• ISBN-13: 978-1-119-32422-5 / 9781119324225