Cellular and Molecular Immunology E-Book (eBook)

Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2014 | 8. Auflage
544 Seiten
Elsevier Health Care - Lehrbücher (Verlag)
978-0-323-28645-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Popular for its highly visual, straightforward approach, Cellular and Molecular Immunology delivers an accessible yet thorough understanding of this active and fast-changing field. Drs. Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, and Shiv Pillai present key updates in this new edition to cover the latest developments in antigen receptors and signal transduction in immune cells, mucosal and skin immunity, cytokines, leukocyte-endothelial interaction, and more. With additional online features, this is an ideal resource for medical, graduate and undergraduate students of immunology who need a clear, introductory text for immunology courses.

• Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
• Develop a thorough, clinically relevant understanding of immunology through a clear overview of immunology with a distinct focus on the management of human disease.
• Visualize immunologic processes more effectively. Meticulously developed and updated illustrations, 3-dimensional art, and all-new animations provide a detailed, visual description of the key immunologic and molecular processes.
• Grasp the details of experimental observations that form the basis for the science of immunology at the molecular, cellular, and whole-organism levels and draw the appropriate conclusions.
• Find information more quickly and easily through an organized chapter structure and a more logical flow of material.

 

• Glean all essential, up-to-date, need-to-know information about immunology and molecular biology through extensive updates that cover cytokines, innate immunity, leukocyte-endothelial interactions, signaling, costimulation, and more.
• Benefit from numerous new figures and tables that facilitate easier retention of the material; quick summaries of each chapter; and nearly 400 illustrations that clarify key concepts.

Abul K. Abbas, MBBS, Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Textauszug

Chapter 1

Properties and Overview of Immune Responses

Innate and Adaptive Immunity, 2

Types of Adaptive Immune Responses, 3

Cardinal Features of Adaptive Immune Responses, 5

Cellular Components of the Adaptive Immune System, 7

Overview of Immune Responses to Microbes, 9

The Early Innate Immune Response to Microbes, 9

The Adaptive Immune Response, 9

Summary, 12

The term immunity is derived from the Latin word immunitas, which referred to the protection from legal prosecution offered to Roman senators during their tenures in office. Historically, immunity meant protection from disease and, more specifically, infectious disease. The cells and molecules responsible for immunity constitute the immune system, and their collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances is called the immune response.

The physiologic function of the immune system is defense against infectious microbes. However, even noninfectious foreign substances can elicit immune responses. Furthermore, mechanisms that normally protect individuals from infection and eliminate foreign substances also are capable of causing tissue injury and disease in some situations. Therefore, a more inclusive definition of the immune response is a reaction to components of microbes as well as to macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, and small chemicals that are recognized as foreign, regardless of the physiologic or pathologic consequence of such a reaction. Under some situations, even self molecules can elicit immune responses (so-called autoimmune responses). Immunology is the study of immune responses in this broader sense and of the cellular and molecular events that occur after an organism encounters microbes and other foreign macromolecules.

Historians often credit Thucydides, in the fifth century BC in Athens, as having first mentioned immunity to an infection that he called plague (but that was probably not the bubonic plague we recognize today). The concept of protective immunity may have existed long before, as suggested by the ancient Chinese custom of making children resistant to smallpox by having them inhale powders made from the skin lesions of patients recovering from the disease. Immunology, in its modern form, is an experimental science in which explanations of immunologic phenomena are based on experimental observations and the conclusions drawn from them. The evolution of immunology as an experimental discipline has depended on our ability to manipulate the function of the immune system under controlled conditions. Historically, the first clear example of this manipulation, and one that remains among the most dramatic ever recorded, was Edward Jenner’s successful vaccination against smallpox. Jenner, an English physician, noticed that milkmaids who had recovered from cowpox never contracted the more serious smallpox. On the basis of this observation, he injected the material from a cowpox pustule into the arm of an 8-year-old boy. When this boy was later intentionally inoculated with smallpox, the disease did not develop. Jenner’s landmark treatise on vaccination (Latin vaccinus, of or from cows) was published in 1798. It led to the widespread acceptance of this method for inducing immunity to infectious diseases, and vaccination remains the most effective method for preventing infections (Table 1-1). An eloquent testament to the importance of immunology was the announcement by the World Health Organization in 1980 that smallpox was the first disease that had been eradicated worldwide by a program of vaccination.

Since the 1960s, there has been a remarkable transformation in our understanding of the immune system and its functions. Advances in cell culture techniques (including monoclonal antibody production), immunochemistry, recombinant DNA methodology, x-ray crystallography, and creation of genetically altered animals (especially transgenic and knockout mice) have changed immunology from a largely descriptive science into one in which diverse immune phenomena can be explained in structural and biochemical terms. In this chapter, we outline the general features of immune responses and introduce the concepts that form the cornerstones of modern immunology and that recur throughout this book.

TABLE 1-1

Effectiveness of Vaccines for Some Common Infectious Diseases

Diphtheria

206,939 (1921)

0

−99.99

Measles

894,134 (1941)

61

−99.99

Mumps

152,209 (1968)

982

−99.35

Pertussis

265,269 (1934)

13,506

−94.72

Polio (paralytic)

21,269 (1952)

0

−100.0

Rubella

57,686 (1969)

4

−99.99

Tetanus

1,560 (1923)

14

−99.10

Haemophilus influenzae type B

∼20,000 (1984)

25

−99.88

Hepatitis B

26,611 (1985)

3,020

−87.66

This table illustrates the striking decrease in the incidence of selected infectious diseases in the United States for which effective vaccines have been developed.

Data from Orenstein WA, Hinman AR, Bart KJ, Hadler SC: Immunization. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds.): Principles and practices of infectious diseases, 4th ed. New York, 1995, Churchill Livingstone; and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58:1458–1469, 2010.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Defense against microbes is mediated by the early reactions of innate immunity and the later responses of adaptive immunity (Fig. 1-1 and Table 1-2). Innate immunity (also called natural or native immunity) provides the early line of defense against microbes. It consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place even before infection and are poised to respond rapidly to infections. These mechanisms react to products of microbes and injured cells, and they respond in essentially the same way to repeated exposures. The mechanisms of innate immunity are specific for structures that are common to groups of related microbes and may not distinguish fine differences between microbes. The principal components of innate immunity are (1) physical and chemical barriers, such as epithelia and antimicrobial chemicals produced at epithelial surfaces; (2) phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells and other innate lymphoid cells; and (3) blood proteins, including members of the complement system and other mediators of inflammation.

In contrast to innate immunity, there are other immune responses that are stimulated by exposure to infectious agents and increase in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each successive exposure to a particular microbe. Because this form of immunity develops as a response to infection and adapts to the infection, it is called adaptive immunity (also called specific or acquired immunity). The adaptive immune system recognizes and reacts to a large number of microbial and nonmicrobial substances. The defining characteristics of adaptive immunity are the ability to distinguish different substances, called specificity, and the ability to respond more vigorously to repeated exposures to the same microbe, known as memory. The unique components of adaptive immunity are cells called lymphocytes and their secreted products, such as antibodies. Foreign substances that induce specific immune responses or are recognized by lymphocytes or antibodies are called antigens.

Cytokines are a large group of secreted proteins with diverse structures and functions, which regulate and coordinate many activities of the cells of innate and adaptive immunity. All cells of the immune system secrete at least some cytokines and express specific signaling receptors for several cytokines. The nomenclature for cytokines is inconsistent, with some named Interleukin followed by a number, and others named for a biological activity first attributed to them, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interferon. Among the many functions of cytokines we will discuss throughout this book are growth and differentiation of all immune cells, activation of effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes, and directed movement of immune cells from blood into tissues and within tissues. The large subset of structurally related cytokines that regulate cell migration and movement are called chemokines. Some of the most effective drugs developed recently to treat immunologic diseases target cytokines, which reflects the importance of these proteins in immune responses.

Mechanisms for defending the host against microbes are present in all multicellular organisms. The phylogenetically oldest mechanisms of host defense are those of innate immunity, which are present even in...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 15.8.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Infektiologie / Immunologie
• ISBN-10: 0-323-28645-3 / 0323286453
• ISBN-13: 978-0-323-28645-9 / 9780323286459