Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems (eBook)

Intermediary Metabolism and Neurochemistry

Henry R. Drott, Ronald G. Thurman, John R. Williamson (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

2014 | 1. Auflage
698 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4832-6538-4 (ISBN)

Infos

Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, Volume III: Intermediary Metabolism and Neurochemistry contains some of the papers presented at the Second International Symposium on Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems, held at the University of Pennsylvania in October 1976. Experts in the field from a wide variety of backgrounds tackled the problems of alcohol and aldehyde metabolism, discussed research findings, and examined controversial issues such as the effects of alcohol and aldehydes on intermediary metabolism. Comprised of 64 chapters, this volume begins with an analysis of the non-equilibrium behavior of biochemical systems, followed by a discussion on the configurational specificity of glycolytic enzymes. The reader is methodically introduced to redox compartmentation and the measurement of intracellular compartmentation of metabolites in rat liver; effect of chronic alcohol and oxygen tension on the development of hepatic necrosis in rats; and actions of ethanol metabolism on fatty acid synthesis in the liver. Subsequent chapters focus on regional metabolic rate in the central nervous system as related to function; effects of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives of catecholamines and aldehydes on tyrosine hydroxylase; and lowering of blood acetaldehyde levels as a therapeutic approach to alcoholism. This book will be of value to practitioners and researchers from a variety of disciplines, including neurochemistry, biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, and pharmacology.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Intermediary Metabolism and Neurochemistry 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 14
PREFACE 26
PART 1: BIOCHEMICAL COMPARTMENTATION 28
CHAPTER 1. NONEQUILIBRIUM BEHAVIOR OF BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS 28
I. INTRODUCTION 28
II. DISCUSSION 29
III. CONCLUDING REMARKS 41
IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 42
V. REFERENCES 42
CHAPTER 2. CONFIGURATIONAL SPECIFICITY OF GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES 44
I. CONFIGURATION AND COMPARTMENTATION 44
II. ANOMERIC SPECIFICITY OF GLYCOLYSIS 46
III. MICHAELIS CONSTANTS OF PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE 47
IV. STEREOSPECIFICITY OF THE ALLOSTERIC ACTIVATOR FRUCTOSE-1,6 DIPHOSPHATE OF PYRUVATE KINASE 48
V. OUTLOOK 49
VI. REFERENCES 50
CHAPTER 3. INTERACTION OF THE ADP, ATP TRANSPORT WITHTHE SYSTEM OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 52
I. INTRODUCTION 52
II. REFERENCES 61
CHAPTER 4. MEASUREMENT OF INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTATION OF METABOLITES IN RAT LIVER 62
I. INTRODUCTION 62
II. THE DIGITONIN FRACTIONATION TECHNIQUE 65
III. THE INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES INISOLATED RAT-LIVER CELLS AND THE ATP/ADP RATIO IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL AND CYTOSOLIC COMPARTMENTS 68
IV. CONCLUSIONS 70
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 70
VI. REFERENCES 70
CHAPTER 5. REDOX COMPARTMENTATION A SURVEY WITH EMPHASIS ON CURRENT PROBLEMS
I. INTRODUCTION 75
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 88
III. REFERENCES 88
CHAPTER 6. POSSIBLE METABOLIC ZONATION OF LIVER PARENCHYMAINTO GLUCOGENIC AND GLYCOLYTIC HEPATOCYTES 92
I. INTRODUCTION 92
II. METHODS 93
III. RESULTS 93
IV. DISCUSSION 100
V. REFERENCES 103
PART 2: INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 92
CHAPTER 8. EFFECT OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL AND OXYGEN TENSIONON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATIC NECROSIS IN RAT 114
I. INTRODUCTION 114
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 115
III. RESULTS 116
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 122
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 123
VI. REFERENCES 123
CHAPTER 7. OXYGEN UPTAKE BY ISOLATED LIVERCELLS FROM ETHANOLr-FED RATS 106
I. INTRODUCTION 106
II. METHODS 107
III. RESULTS 108
III. DISCUSSION 110
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 112
V. REFERENCES 112
CHAPTER 9. MECHANISM OF INCREASED HEPATICOXYGEN UPTAKE DUE TO ETHANOL 126
I. INTRODUCTION 126
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 127
III. CONCLUSIONS 133
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 134
V. REFERENCES 134
CHAPTER 10. THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE METABOLISM OF [l-14C] PALMITATE IN PERFUSED RAT LIVER 136
I. INTRODUCTION 136
II. METHODS 137
III. RESULTS 138
IV. DISCUSSION 139
V. REFERENCES 142
CHAPTER 11. SPECIFIC AND NONSPECIFIC EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF ETHANOL ON HEPATIC FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FATTY LIVER 144
I. MATERIALS AND METHODS 145
II. RESULTS 145
III. DISCUSSION 148
IV. REFERENCES 149
CHAPTER 12. EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE NUMBER OF TRITIUM ATOMS INCORPORATED FROM TRITIATED WATER INTO HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL DURING ITS BIOSYNTHESIS FROM MEVALONATE IN VIVO 152
I. INTRODUCTION 152
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 153
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 157
IV. REFERENCES 162
CHAPTER 13. ACTIONS OF ETHANOL METABOLISM ON FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN THE LIVER 164
I. INTRODUCTION 165
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 165
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 166
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 172
V. REFERENCES 173
CHAPTER 14. REDUCED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED RAT LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELLS DUE TO ETHANOL 174
I. INTRODUCTION 174
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 175
III. RESULTS 176
IV. DISCUSSION 181
V. REFERENCES 181
CHAPTER 15. NEW IN VITRO THIAMIN REACTIONS CATALYZED BY RAT TISSUES 184
I. INTRODUCTION 184
II. METHODS 185
III. RESULTS 186
IV. DISCUSSION 192
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 194
VI. REFERENCES 194
CHAPTER 16. EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON FOLATE DEFICIENCY IN RATS 196
I. INTRODUCTION 196
II. METHODS 197
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 198
IV. REFERENCES 202
CHAPTER 17. LIVER PROLYL HYDROXYLASE AS AN INDICATOR OF FIBROGENESIS IN ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS 204
I. INTRODUCTION 204
II. METHODS 205
III. RESULTS 206
IV. DISCUSSION 209
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 210
VI. REFERENCES 211
CHAPTER 18. ISOTOPE EFFECT IN METABOLISM OF 3 H-ETHANOL 212
I. INTRODUCTON 212
II. MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUES 213
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 214
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 220
V. REFERENCES 220
CHAPTER 19. OXIDATION OF REDUCING EQUIVALENTS DURING ETHANOL METABOLISM. STUDIES WITH 1-3H-ETHANOL 222
I. INTRODUCTION 222
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 223
III. THEORY 223
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 226
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 227
VI. REFERENCES 227
CHAPTER 20. THE OXIDATION OF ACETALDEHYDE BY RAT HEPATIC,NON-HEPATIC AND TUMOR MITOCHONDRIA 230
I. INTRODUCTION 230
II. RESULTS 231
III. DISCUSSION 240
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 242
V. REFERENCES 242
CHAPTER 21. ETHANOL-OXIDIZING ENZYMES IN TRANSPLANTABLE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMS 246
I. INTRODUCTION 246
II. METHODS 247
III. RESULTS 247
IV. DISCUSSION 254
V. REFERENCES 255
CHAPTER 22. COMPARTMENTATION OF METABOLITES BETWEEN CYTOSOL AND MITOCHONDRIA IN RAT LIVER CELLS 258
I. INTRODUCTION 258
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 259
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 260
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 267
V. REFERENCES 267
CHAPTER 23. THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF HYDROGEN TRANSFER VIATHE MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE UNDER CONDITIONS OFSTEADY-STATE PHOSPHORYLATION AND REDUCTION POTENTIALS 270
I. INTRODUCTION 270
II. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 271
III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 273
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 277
V. REFERENCES 277
CHAPTER 24. EFFECT OF ACUTE MURINE HEPATITIS(MHV-A-59) ON ETHANOL OXIDATION IN VIVO 278
I. INTRODUCTION 279
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 279
III. RESULTS 281
IV. DISCUSSION 284
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 285
VI. REFERENCES 285
CHAPTER 25. CHANGES OF MICROSOMAL STEROID-4EN-5a-REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN RAT LIVER BY ALCOHOL FEEDING.EFFECT OF PHENOBARBITAL-TREATMENT AND FEEDING STANDARD OR LOW PROTEIN DIETS 288
I. INTRODUCTION 288
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 289
III. RESULTS 290
IV. DISCUSSION 293
V. REFERENCES 295
CHAPTER 26. ACETALDEHYDE OXIDATION BY ISOLATED HEPATIC ALDEHYDEDEHYDROGENASE, MITOCHONDRIA AND PARENCHYMAL CELLS,AND BY PERFUSED INTACT LIVER OF THE RAT 298
I. INTRODUCTION 299
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 300
III. DISCUSSION 307
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 309
V. REFERENCES 309
CHAPTER 27. HEPATIC ACETALDEHYDE METABOLISM DURING ETHANOL OXIDATION 312
I. INTRODUCTION 312
II. OUTLINES OF THE PRESENT STUDY 313
III. REFERENCES 320
CHAPTER 28. STIMULATION OF HEPATIC ACETALDEHYDE UPTAKEIN PERFUSED RAT LIVER BY FRUCTOSE 322
II. INTRODUCTION 322
II. METHODS 323
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 323
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 329
V. REFERENCES 329
CHAPTER 29. MECHANISM OF THE FRUCTOSE EFFECT ON ETHANOL OXIDATION 332
I. INTRODUCTION 332
II. DISCUSSION 334
III. REFERENCES 339
CHAPTER 30. EFFECTIVENESS OF FRUCTOSE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME IN MAN 340
I. INTRODUCTION 340
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 341
III. RESULTS 341
IV. DISCUSSION 349
V. REFERENCES 350
CHAPTER 31. IN VIVO METABOLISM OF ETHANOL ATHIGH AND LOW CONCENTRATIONS 352
I.INTRODUCTION 352
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS 353
III. RESULTS 355
IV. DISCUSSION 355
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 360
VI. REFERENCES 360
CHAPTER 32. THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE IN GOVERNING RATES OF ETHANOL METABOLISM IN RATS 362
I. INTRODUCTION 362
II. METHODS 363
III. RESULTS 364
IV. DISCUSSION 366
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 368
VI, REFERENCES 368
CHAPTER 33. STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF THE ADH PATHWAY IN INCREASED ETHANOL ELIMINATION AFTER CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE IN THE RAT AND MAN 370
I. MATERIALS AND METHODS 371
II. RESULTS 372
III. DISCUSSION 378
IV. REFERENCES 380
CHAPTER 34. FACTORS ALTERING THE RATE OF ALCOHOL METABOLISM IN HEPATOCYTES 382
I. INTRODUCTION 383
II. EXPERIMENTAL 383
III. RESULTS 385
IV. DISCUSSION 389
V. REFERENCES 392
CHAPTER 35. REGULATION OF ALCOHOL OXIDATION IN MAN: INHIBITION (FASTING) AND STIMULATION (PHENOBARBITAL TREATMENTOR CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION) IS EQUALIZED BYFRUCTOSE INFUSION. 394
I. INTRODUCTION 395
II. METHODS 395
III. RESULTS 396
IV. DISCUSSION 396
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 403
VI. REFERENCES 403
CHAPTER 36. INVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF GLYCOLYTIC AND GLUCONEOGENIC ENZYMES IN THE LIVER LOBULE 406
I. MATERIALS AND METHODS 407
II. RESULTS 407
III. DISCUSSION 409
IV. REFERENCES 410
CHAPTER 37. PHARMACOKINETICS AND HYDROXYLATION OF PHENAZONE IN CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM 412
I. INTRODUCTION 412
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 413
III. RESULTS 415
IV. DISCUSSION 415
V. REFERENCES 417
CHAPTER 38. URINARY ELECTROLYTES AND DIURESIS IN HANGOVER 418
I. INTRODUCTION 418
II. METHODS 419
III. EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES 420
IV. RESULTS 421
V. DISCUSSION 423
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 424
VII. REFERENCES 424
CHAPTER 39. METABOLISM OF PYRAZOLE IN THE RAT 426
I. INTRODUCTION 426
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 427
III. REFERENCES 432
CHAPTER 40. EFFECTS OF DIETARY ETHANOL AND DISULFIRAM METABOLITES IN WEANLING RATS 434
I. METHODS 435
II. RESULTS 436
Ill, DISCUSSION 440
IV. SUMMARY 441
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 441
VI. REFERENCES 441
CHAPTER 41. DETERMINATION OF DISULFIRAM AND METABOLITES IN PLASMA AND TISSUE 444
I. INTRODUCTION 444
II. METHODS 445
III. RESULTS 447
IV. DISCUSSION 449
V. REFERENCES 453
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 453
CHAPTER 42. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ETHANOL AND 4-METHYLPYRAZOLE IN THE RAT 454
I. INTRODUCTION 454
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 455
III. RESULTS AND COMMENTS 456
IV. SUMMARY 462
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 462
VI. REFERENCES 462
PART III: NEUROCHEMISTRY AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 454
CHAPTER 43. CONTROL OF METABOLIC SYSTEMS IN BRAIN 464
I. GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN BRAIN 465
II. COUPLING OF FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY AND OXYGEN UTILIZATION 466
III. MECHANISMS COUPLING FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY AND ENERGY USE RATE 466
IV. CONTROL OF SUBSTRATE SUPPLY - GENERAL ASPECTS 469
V. CONTROL OF SUBSTRATE SUPPLY IN THE BRAIN 469
VI. MECHANISMS RELATING GLYCOLYTIC METABOLITES, CITRIC ACIDCYCLE INTERMEDIATES, AND ASSOCIATED AMINO ACIDS 473
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 476
VIII. REFERENCES 476
CHAPTER 44. REGIONAL METABOLIC RATE IN CENTRAL NERVOUSSYSTEM AS RELATED TO FUNCTION 480
I. INTRODUCTION 480
II. METHODS 481
III. RATES OF LOCAL CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION IN THE RAT 483
IV. RELATION BETWEEN LOCAL FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY AND ENERGY METABOLISM 486
V. CONCLUSIONS 494
VI. REFERENCES 494
CHAPTER 45. DISTRIBUTION AND REGULATION OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES LEVELSIN BRAIN, IN VIVO 498
I. INTRODUCTION 498
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS 500
III. RESULTS 501
IV. DISCUSSION 507
V. REFERENCES 509
CHAPTER 46. THE EFFECT OF BILATERAL ISCHEMIA AND RECIRCULATION ON ENERGY RESERVES AND CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF GERBILS 512
I. INTRODUCTION 512
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 513
III. RESULTS 514
IV. DISCUSSION 517
V. REFERENCES 523
CHAPTER 47. REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND TRANSMITTER CANDIDATES 526
I. INTRODUCTION 526
II. Retina 531
III. REFERENCES 536
PART IV: ACETALDEHYDE AND WITHDRAWAL 10
CHAPTER 48. STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES OF CATECHOLAMINES AND ALDEHYDES ON TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 538
I. INTRODUCTION 538
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS 539
III. RESULTS 540
IV. DISCUSSION 542
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 545
VI. REFERENCES 545
CHAPTER 49. ACETALDEHYDE OCCURRENCE IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON THE BLOODLEVEL AND ON ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITORS 548
I. INTRODUCTION 548
II. RESULTS 549
III. DISCUSSION 551
IV. REFERENCES 553
CHAPTER 50. LOWERING OF BLOOD ACETALDEHYDE LEVELS AS A THERAPERTIC APPROACH TO ALCOHOLISM 556
I. INTRODUCTION 556
II. RESULTS 557
III. DISCUSSION 561
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 562
V. REFERENCES 562
CHAPTER 51. NEW STRAINS OF RATS WITH ALCOHOL PREFERENCE AND NONPREFERENCE 564
I. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 565
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 566
III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 570
IV. REFERENCES 570
CHAPTER 52. ALCOHOL DRINKING INDUCED IN THE RATAFTER CHRONIC INJECTIONS OF TETRAHYDROPAPAVEROLINE (THP),SALSOLINOL OR NORELEAGNINE IN THE BRAIN 572
I. INTRODUCTION 572
II. METHODS 573
III. RESULTS 575
IV. DISCUSSION 579
V. REFERENCES 580
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 581
CHAPTER 53. ETHANOL AND ACETALDEHYDE METABOLISMDURING ETHANOL CONSUMPTION 582
I. INTRODUCTION 582
II. METHODS 583
III. RESULTS 583
IV. DISCUSSION 588
V. REFERENCES 592
54. ETHANOL, NOT ACETALDEHYDE, DETERMINES SEVERITYOF WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES IN MICE 594
I. INTRODUCTION 594
II. METHODS 594
III. RESULTS 596
IV. DISCUSSION 599
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 599
VI. REFERENCES 599
CHAPTER 55. CHANGES OF BRAIN CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES INDUCEDBY ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND WITHDRAWAL 602
I. METHODS 603
II. EFFECTS OF ACUTE ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION 603
III. EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION AND WITHDRAWAL 607
IV. REFERENCES 609
CHAPTER 56. KINETICS OF ALTERATIONS IN BRAIN CYCLIC AMPLEVELS DURING ETHANOL TREATMENT AND WITHDRAWAL 610
I. INTRODUCTION 610
II. METHODS 611
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 612
IV. CONCLUSIONS 618
V- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 618
VI. REFERENCES 619
CHAPTER 57. EFFECT OF p-CHLOROPHENYLALANINE ON THE ACQUISITION,MAINTENANCE AND LOSS OF TOLERANCE TO ETHANOL 622
I. INTRODUCTION 622
II. METHODS AND RESULTS 623
III. DISCUSSION 629
IV. REFERENCES 630
CHAPTER 58. QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL1 632
I. INTRODUCTION 632
II. METHODS 633
III. RESULTS 635
IV. DISCUSSION 637
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 637
VI. REFERENCES 637
CHAPTER 59. ETHANOL INDUCED CHANGES IN THE PROPERTIES OF BRAIN RIBOSOMES 640
I. INTRODUCTION 640
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 641
III. RESULTS 642
IV. DISCUSSION 649
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 650
VI. REFERENCES 651
CHAPTER 60. ALCOHOL METABOLISM OF INBRED STRAINS OF RATS WITH ALCOHOL PREFERENCE AND NONPREFERENCE 652
I. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 653
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 654
III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 658
IV. REFERENCES 659
CHAPTER 61. SELECTIVE BREEDING OF RATS FOR DIFFERENCES IN REACTIVITY TOALCOHOL: AN APPROACH TO AN ANIMAL MODEL OF ALCOHOLISM.IV. SOME BEHAVIORAL AND CHEMICAL MEASURES 662
I. METHODS 663
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 665
III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 668
IV. REFERENCES 668
CHAPTER 62. ADOPTION STUDIES OF ALCOHOLISM 670
I. PHASE ONE 671
II. PHASE TWO 673
III. PHASE THREE 673
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 675
V. REFERENCES 675
CHAPTER 63. LEARNED PREFERENCES AS AN APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANIMAL MODEL OF ALCOHOLISM 676
I. INTRODUCTION 676
II. METHOD 678
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 680
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 684
V. REFERENCES 684
CHAPTER 64. ETHANOL AS A TERATOGEN 686
I. DISCUSSION 687
II.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 693
III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 695
IV. APPENDIX 695
V. REFERENCES 696
INDEX 698

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 10.5.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Hepatologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pathologie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pharmakologie / Toxikologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Angewandte Physik
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 1-4832-6538-2 / 1483265382
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4832-6538-4 / 9781483265384