Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates (eBook)

Bryan Ballantyne, Timothy C. Marrs (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2017 | 1. Auflage
662 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4831-9365-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Clinical & Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates considers the histochemical localization of cholinesterase in anticholinesterase poisoning. This book is organized into eight parts encompassing 59 chapters that discuss the pharmacology and toxicology of carbamates, as well as the neurobehavioral toxicology of anticholinesterases. Some of the topics covered in the book are the overview of biological and clinical aspects of organophosphates and carbamates; biochemical determination of cholinesterase activity in fluids and tissues; intermediate syndrome in anticholinesterase neurotoxicity; structure-activity relationships and anticholinesterase activity; and the molecular events in delayed neuropathy. Other parts deal with the cardiac effects of anticholinesterase agents and the ecotoxicological consequences of interactions between avian esterases and organophosphorus compounds. These topics are followed by discussions on the analysis of the cutaneous and respiratory tract absorption of anticholinesterases and the use of organophosphorus compounds as chemical warfare agents. The final parts are devoted to the toxicity of anticholinesterases to aquatic organisms. The book can provide useful information to toxicologists, doctors, students, and researchers.

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 10
Preface 12
Contributors 14
Abbreviations used in the text 20
PART I: BASIC SCIENCE 22
Chapter 1. Overview of the biological and clinical aspects of organophosphates and carbamates 24
Chemistry 24
Nomenclature of antiChEs 24
Ecological aspects 27
ChEs and cholinergic function 27
Toxicology 28
References 33
Chapter 2. Biochemical determination of cholinesterase activity in biological fluids and tissues 36
Introduction 36
How to preserve sample quality 36
Analytical methods 38
References 44
Chapter 3. Histochemical localization of cholinesterase in anticholinesterase poisoning 49
Introduction 49
Histochemical methods 49
Cytochemical methods 53
References 54
Chapter 4. Pharmacology and toxicology of organophosphates 56
Historical note 56
Mechanism of action 56
Cholinergic nerves 57
Pharmacology 57
Toxicology 58
Therapeutic applications 59
Acknowledgements 59
References 59
Chapter 5. Pharmacology and toxicology of carbamates 61
Introduction 61
Pharmacological action of CB drugs 62
Toxicological action of CB insecticides 63
References 66
Chapter 6. Structure-activity relationships and anticholinesterase activity 68
Introduction 68
Kinetics of AChE inhibition 68
Structure of AChE 68
OP compounds 69
Carbamates 75
References 78
PART 2: NEUROTOXICITY 80
Chapter 7. Neurobehavioural toxicology of anticholinesterases 82
Introduction 82
Influence of antiChEs on sensory function 84
Influence of antiChEs on cognitive function 85
Influence of antiChEs on motor function 86
Influence of antiChEs on affective function 88
Discussion 88
References 90
Chapter 8. Central neurotoxicity and behavioural effects of anticholinesterases 96
Introduction 96
Cholinergic system in the CNS 96
Biochemical effects of antiChEs on CNS 97
Clinical and behavioural effects on CNS of antiChEs 98
Conclusions 100
References 101
Chapter 9. Acute and subchronic neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of anticholinesterases 105
Introduction 105
Neurotoxicity 105
Cardiac effects 108
References 108
Chapter 10. Molecular events in delayed neuropathy: experimental aspects of neuropathy target esterase 111
Introduction 111
A review of statements about NTE and OPIDP 111
Molecular events at the target 119
A review of questions about NTE and OPIDP 126
Other recent studies of NTE 128
General conclusion 129
References 130
Chapter 11. Validation of a rodent model of organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy 135
Introduction 135
Distribution of neuropathic damage in rat OPIDN 135
Biochemical index of rat OPIDN 138
Manipulation of OPIDN in the rat 138
Age related sensitivity in rat OPIDN 139
Triphenyl phosphite neuropathy 140
Mouse model of OPIDN 142
Variations in the rat and chicken models 143
References 144
Chapter 12. Intermediate syndrome in anticholinesterase neurotoxicity 147
Clinical features 147
Diagnosis 148
Investigations 148
Treatment 148
Pathogenic mechanisms 149
Clinical course 149
Conclusions 151
References 151
PART 3: SPECIFIC ORGAN AND LONG-TERMT OXICITY 154
Chapter 13. Cardiac effects of anticholinesterase agents 156
Introduction 156
Cardiac biochemistry 156
Cardiac electrophysiology 157
Direct effects of antiChEs 158
Atrial effects of antiChEs 159
OP effects of vagal activity 159
AntiChEs and the ventricular system 160
Therapy for antiChEs 160
References 162
Chapter 14. Effects of organophosphates on the heart 166
Introduction 166
Cardiac arrhythmias and OPs 166
References 169
Chapter 15. Effects of anticholinesterases on airway smooth muscle 170
Introduction 170
Characterization of antiChE responses 170
Acknowledgements 175
References 175
Chapter 16. Pulmonary toxicity of anticholinesterases 177
Introduction 177
Exposure to antiChEs 177
OP compounds 178
Trialkylphosphorothioates 179
The role of cytochrome P-450 enzymes 181
Bronchiolar effects of trialkylphosphorothioates 
183 
Conclusions 184
Acknowledgements 185
References 185
Chapter 17. Anticholinesterase-induced myonecrosis 
188 
Overall objectives 188
Background 188
Modification of antiChE toxicity 192
Prevention of the myopathy 195
Myopathy in human muscles 196
Comments and conclusions 197
Acknowledgements 198
References 198
Chapter 18. Ophthalmic toxicology of anticholinesterases 201
Introduction 201
Distribution of ChEs in ocular tissues 201
Cornea and conjunctiva 201
Penetration and distribution of antiChEs 201
Ciliary body 203
Lens 205
Aqueous humour 206
Retina and optic nerve 207
Saku disease 209
Extra-ocular muscles 209
References 210
Chapter 19. Nephrotoxicity of anticholinesterases 216
Introduction 216
Kidney function and nephrotoxicity 216
Evaluation of nephrotoxic effects 217
Parasympathetic control of renal function 
217 
AntiChE effects on renal excretory function 218
Histopathologic evaluations of nephrotoxicity 219
Evidence of nephrotoxicity in humans 220
Conclusion 221
Acknowledgements 222
References 222
Chapter 20. Immunotoxicology of anticholinesterase agents 224
Esterases and immune responses 224
ChE inhibitors as potential alkylating agents 224
Immunomodulation by antiChE pesticides 
225 
Immunologie effects of plasticizer TOTP 227
Allergic sensitization by OPs and CBs 228
Future perspectives and conclusions 229
References 229
Chapter 21. Immunotoxic effects of anticholinesterases 232
Overview of immunotoxicology 232
Immunotoxicity of OP compounds 235
Summary 238
References 239
Chapter 22. Genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of anticholinesterases 244
Introduction 244
Methods 244
Results 248
Carcinogenic potential of OPs 256
Discussion 256
References 258
Chapter 23. Development and reproductive toxicity of anticholinesterases 262
Introduction 262
Carbamates 262
Organophosphates 267
Human exposures 271
Summary and conclusions 272
Acknowledgements 273
References 273
PART 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 280
Chapter 24. Agricultural and veterinary toxicology of anticholinesterases 282
AntiChE use on domestic animals 282
Circumstances of domestic animal antiChE exposure 282
Agricultural toxicities from antiChEs 283
Management of antiChE toxicity in domestic animals 
285 
Unique aspects of antiChE use in agricultural and veterinary medicine 288
References 291
Chapter 25. Avian toxicology of anticholinesterases 293
Birds compared with mammals 293
Lethal toxicology: acute oral and dietary 295
Lethal toxicology: factors of exposure, formulation, and interaction 299
Sublethal toxicology and reproductive effects 305
Ecotoxicity and diagnosis of antiChE poisoning 309
References 310
Chapter 26. Ecotoxicological consequences of interactions between avian esterases and organophosphorus compounds 316
Introduction 316
Biochemical mechanisms: interaction of OP compounds with esterases 316
Biological consequences of exposure to antiChEs 318
Variations in avian toxicity of OP and CB pesticides 319
Biochemical basis of selectivity 321
Conclusions 323
References 323
Chapter 27. Toxicity of anticholinesterases to aquatic organisms 326
Introduction 326
Persistence in soils and transport to the aquatic environment 
326 
Residues in the aquatic environment 327
Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of antiChE 
328 
Fish brain AChE inhibition studies 328
In vivo and in vitro toxicity of antiChE 333
Degradation product or metabolite toxicity and MFO induction 333
Inhibition in other tissues and other organisms, and other AChE inhibitors 334
Long-term effects of antiChEs 334
AChE inhibition and environmental monitoring 335
References 336
PART 5: EXPOSURE PATTERNS 340
Chapter 28. Cutaneous absorption of anticholinesterases 342
Introduction 342
In vivopercutaneous absorption of antiCht agents 343
In vitro methods and percutaneous penetration 347
In vivo and in vitro comparisons 349
References 351
Chapter 29. Respiratory tract absorption of anticholinesterases 355
Inhalation exposure to antiChEs 355
Absorption of gases and vapours 355
Aerosols 356
Respiratory tract responses following inhalation of antiChEs 356
Inhalation exposure systems and considerations 357
References 358
Chapter 30. Exposure of agricultural workers to anticholinesterases 360
Introduction 360
Monitoring worker exposure and absorption 360
Occupational hazard 362
Safety and protection 363
References 365
Chapter 31. Greenhouse exposure to anticholinesterases 367
Introduction 367
Measuring the effects of glasshouse exposure to antiChE agents 368
Discussion 370
References 371
Chapter 32. Commercial and residential poisoning with anticholinesterases 373
Introduction 373
Annual reports of the poison control centres 374
Pesticide incident monitoring system 375
Conclusions 382
Acknowledgements 383
References 383
Chapter 33. Residues of anticholinesterases in foodstuffs 385
Introduction 385
Acceptable residue levels 385
Analytical methods 385
Toxicity of residues 386
Levels of residues 386
References 390
Chapter 34. Organophosphorus compounds as chemical warfare agents 394
Properties of nerve agents 396
Clinical aspects of nerve agent poisoning 398
Diagnosis of nerve agent poisoning 402
Management of nerve agent poisoning under field conditions 402
Conclusions 403
References 403
Chapter 35. Combustion toxicology of anticholinesterases 407
Introduction 407
Decomposition conditions in fires and toxic product formation 407
Combustion products of antiChEs 408
Combustion products of phosphorusbased fire retardants 410
Toxicity of combustion products containing phosphorus-based fire retardants 410
Formation of extreme potency neurotoxic caged bicyclophosphorus esters in combustion products 413
References 416
PART 6: PROTECTION AND MONITORING 418
Chapter 36. General considerations on workplace safety for anticholinesterases 420
Introduction 420
Workplace and sources of exposure 420
Routes of exposure 421
Medical surveillance of persons potentially exposed to AChEs 424
Protective measures 427
Education, instruction and training 428
Responding to emergencies 429
References 432
Chapter 37. Physical protection against anticholinesterases 435
Introduction 435
Physical protection 437
References 441
Chapter 38. Screening of agricultural workers for exposure to anticholinesterases 442
Introduction 442
Factors affecting ChE activity 442
Analytical test procedures for ChE determination 443
ChE screening programme 445
Summary 448
References 448
Chapter 39. Monitoring for exposure to anticholinesterase-inhibiting organophorsphorus and carbamate compounds by urine analysis 451
Introduction 451
Quantitative exposure assessment 451
Metabolism 452
Methods for analysis of urinary metabolites 454
Use of urinary metabolite data for exposure estimation 459
Conclusions 460
References 461
Chapter 40. Neurophysiological monitors of anticholinesterase exposure 467
Introduction 467
Basis of neurophysiological monitoring 467
Neurophysiological techniques for monitoring the effects of antiChE agents 468
AntiChE-induced neurophysiological changes: experimental studies 472
AntiChE-induced neurophysiological changes in human studies: peripheral effects 474
References 477
PART 7: CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS 482
Chapter 41. Organophosphate poisoning in the UK: the National Poisons Information Service experience during 1984–1987 484
Introduction 484
Methods 484
Results 485
Discussion 487
Acknowledgements 490
References 490
Chapter 42. Incidence, presentation and therapeutic attitudes to anticholinesterase poisoning in the USA 492
Incidence of antiChE poisoning in the USA 492
AntiChE poisoning incidence and selected exposures, California 494
Study of OP and CB poisoning in infants and children 496
Aldicarb 496
Chronic neurological sequelae following acute OP poisoning 497
Miscellaneous observations on the presentation of antiChE poisoning 498
Therapeutic attitudes to antiChE poisoning in the USA 499
References 501
Chapter 43. Incidence, presentation and therapeutic attitudes to antiChE poisoning in Asia 503
Incidence of antiChE poisoning in Asia 503
Presentation of antiChE poisoning in Asia 505
Therapeutic attitudes to antiChE in Asia 507
Discussion 507
Summary 508
Acknowledgements 509
References 509
Chapter 44. Incidence, presentation and therapeutic attitudes to anticholinesterase poisoning in Egypt 510
Incidence of antiChE poisoning in Egypt 510
Clinical presentation 512
Treatment of acute intoxication 513
Conclusion and recommendations 513
Acknowledgement 513
References 513
Chapter 45. Anticholinesterases used in the USSR: poisoning, treatment and preventative measures 515
Causes of poisoning 515
Clinical forms and pathogenesis of poisoning 516
Treatment 518
Prevention 519
References 519
Chapter 46. Acute anticholinesterase poisoning in China 523
Introduction 523
Incidence of pesticide poisoning 523
Acute antiChE poisoning 525
'Subacute poisoning' in OP packers 527
Delayed neuropathy 528
Experimental toxicology 528
References 529
PART 8: CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS 532
Chapter 47. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of acute organophosphorus insecticide and carbamate poisoning 534
Introduction 534
OP insecticide poisoning 534
Laboratory findings 536
Subacute toxicity after acute poisoning 
537 
Long-term sequelae 538
CB insecticides 538
References 538
Chapter 48. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency and anticholinesterase toxicity 541
Ps ChE: general properties 541
Decreased ChE activity 541
Determination of ChE activity and genotypes 542
New methods of identifying PsChE genotypes 544
Plasma ChE activity and the reaction to suxamethonium 544
Diagnosis and treatment of prolonged NM blockade following suxamethonium 546
Plasma ChE and mivacurium 547
References 547
Chapter 49. Clinical management of acute organophosphate poisoning: an overview 549
Introduction 549
Management 551
References 555
Chapter 50. Anticholinesterase poisoning: an overview of pharmacotherapy 557
Introduction 557
Antidote therapy 557
Acknowledgements 561
References 561
Chapter 51. Atropine in the management of anticholinesterase poisoning 564
Introduction 564
Physicochemical properties 564
Synthesis and formulation 565
Pharmacology 565
Pharmacokinetics 565
Pharmacodynamics 566
Toxicology 566
Antidotal efficacy in OP poisoning 567
References 572
Chapter 52. Efficacy, toxicity and clinical use of oximes in anticholinesterase poisoning 576
Introduction 576
Mode of action 577
Efficacy 581
Clinical use of oximes 586
References 590
Chapter 53. Anticonvulsants in anticholinesterase poisoning 599
Effect of antiChEs on muscle and nerve cell activity 599
Brief survey of anticonvulsants 601
Anticonvulsants used in the experimental therapy of antiChE poisoning 603
Anticonvulsants used in the clinical therapy of antiChE poisoning 604
References 605
Chapter 54. Calcium channel blocking agents in the management of acute anticholinesterase poisoning 608
Introduction 608
Protection of animals against poisoning by OP antiChEs 608
Actions of antiChEs and Ca2+ channel blockers on motor nerve endings 610
Effect of Ca2+ channel blockers on NM transmission 611
Interaction of Ca2+ channel blockers with NM blocking agents 613
Summary 614
References 614
Chapter 55. Acetylcholinesterase sequestration of organophosphate intoxicants 617
Introduction 617
Experimental results 617
Discussion 621
References 621
Chapter 56. Prophylaxis against anticholinesterase poisoning 623
Introduction 623
Animal studies on prophylaxis 624
The place of prophylaxis in clinical practice 629
References 629
Chapter 57. Role of poison control centres in the recognition and management of anticholinesterase poisoning 632
Criteria for certification as a regional poison centre 632
Role of regional poison centres in antiChE poisonings 633
Data collection/analysis 636
Summary 637
References 637
Chapter 58. Forensic aspects of acute anticholinesterase poisoning 639
Causes of poisoning 639
Diagnosis of acute lethal antiChE poisoning 640
References 642
Chapter 59. Aerial application and spray drift of anticholinesterases: protective measures 644
Introduction 644
Spray formulation and application: conventional and ultralow volume 644
Environmental control measures 646
Total absorption estimates and exposure-effect relationships: aerial sprayers 646
Low-level exposures 647
Hazard for residents living near sprayed areas 647
Preventative measures and their evaluation 650
Acknowledgements 651
References 651
Index 654

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 31.1.2017
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Pharmakologie / Pharmakotherapie
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pharmakologie / Toxikologie
• ISBN-10: 1-4831-9365-9 / 1483193659
• ISBN-13: 978-1-4831-9365-6 / 9781483193656