Public Health Mini-Guides: Obesity (eBook)

Angela Scriven, Nick Townsend (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2014 | 1. Auflage
144 Seiten
Elsevier Health Sciences (Verlag)
978-0-7020-4720-6 (ISBN)

Infos

Obesity and its linked morbidity and mortality is a significant public health challenge on a global scale and places a burden not only on the individual but also on society as a whole. This Mini-Guide presents key themes relating to this challenge, including the means of measuring obesity, the most recent prevalence and trends, the health consequences and causes of obesity along with approaches to counter obesity both at an individual and a population level.

Understanding is facilitated through:

• Case Studies
• Boxed examples
• Thinking Points
• Summary Points at ends of chapters.
• Links to webpages, resources and further reading.

The Public Health Mini-Guides provide up-to-date, evidence-based information in a convenient pocket-sized format, on a range of current key public health topics. They support the work of health and social care practitioners and students on courses related to public health and health promotion.

Each volume provides an objective and balanced introduction to an overview of the epidemiological, scientific, and other factors relating to public health. The Mini-Guides are structured to provide easy access to information. The first chapters cover background information needed to quickly understand the issue, including the epidemiology, demography and physiology. The later chapters examine examples of public health action to address the issue, covering health promotion intervention, legislative and other measures. The Mini-Guides are designed to be essential reference texts for students, practitioners and researchers with a professional interest in public health and health promotion.

Students will find the books useful to cover assignments and on the ward, and practitioners will love the quick-reference format for use on the ward and in giving patient advice and running clinics on these topics.

There will be a title providing essential information on the priority areas of:

• Obesity
• Smoking
• Alcohol misuse

• Sexual health
• Mental health

• Diabetes
• Non-communicable diseases
• Exercise
• Drug misuse
• Health inequalities

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Public Health Mini-Guide: Obesity 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Series Info 7
Series preface 8
What the Public Health Mini-Guides provide 8
References 9
Preface 10
Chapter 1: Defining the obesity problem 12
What is obesity? 12
Measuring obesity 12
Surveillance programmes 12
Measurement of obesity 14
Common measures of obesity 14
Body Mass Index (BMI) 14
Weaknesses and strengths of BMI 15
Other height to weight indices 16
Abdominal circumference measurements 16
Weaknesses and strengths of abdominal circumference measures 18
Skinfold estimation methods 19
Weaknesses and strengths of skinfold estimation methods 19
Bio Impedance Analysis 20
Weaknesses and strengths of Bio Impedance Analysis 20
Technical measures of obesity 22
Body density measurements 22
Weaknesses and strengths of body density measures 22
Chemical measures 23
Weaknesses and strengths of chemical measures 23
Internal scanning 23
Weaknesses and strengths of internal scans 24
Body imaging 24
Weaknesses and strengths of imaging 25
Classifying obesity in children 26
1. British 1990 growth reference (UK90) 27
2. International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs 27
3. World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standard 28
4. World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 growth reference 28
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2000 growth reference 29
Adiposity rebound 29
Web pages and resources 31
Further reading 31
Chapter 2: Obesity prevalence and trends 33
UK and Ireland prevalence figures 33
England 33
Adult prevalence 33
Child prevalence 33
Scotland 35
Adult prevalence 35
Child prevalence 35
Wales 35
Adult prevalence 35
Child prevalence 35
Northern Ireland 35
Adult prevalence 35
Child prevalence 35
Ireland 36
Adult prevalence 36
Child prevalence 36
Access to UK data on obesity 37
North America 37
United States of America 37
Adult prevalence 37
Child prevalence 38
Canada 38
Adult prevalence 38
Child prevalence 38
Australasia 38
Australia 38
Adult prevalence 38
Child prevalence 39
New Zealand 39
Adult prevalence 39
Child prevalence 39
International prevalence of obesity 40
WHO Global Health Observatory (apps.who.int/ghodata) 40
Details 40
WHO Global Infobase ( https://apps.who.int/infobase/Comparisons.aspx) 41
Details 41
WHO Global database on body mass index (http://apps.who.int/bmi) 41
Details 41
OECD StatExtracts – Health Stats (www.oecd.org) 42
Details 42
IASO Obesity Data (www.iaso.org) 42
Details 42
Adult international prevalence 42
Child international prevalence 44
Adult international trends 45
Predicting future trends 48
Prevalence within countries 50
Sex 50
Age 50
Ethnicity 51
Deprivation 53
Regions 56
Web pages and resources 58
Further reading 58
Chapter 3: The health consequences of obesity 59
Difficulties evaluating the health consequences of obesity 59
Fat as an active tissue 60
Abdominal fat 60
Types of ill health associated with obesity 61
Circulatory system 61
Hypertension 61
Elevated cholesterol 62
CVDs 62
Cancer 63
Metabolic 64
Diabetes 64
Metabolic syndrome 64
Gastrointestinal and liver 65
Gallstones 65
Pancreatitis 66
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 66
Non-alcoholic liver disease 67
Musculoskeletal 67
Joint pain 67
Osteoarthritis 68
Gout 68
Other musculoskeletal conditions 68
Respiratory system 68
Respiratory function 68
Obstructive sleep apnoea 69
Asthma 69
Other respiratory conditions 69
Reproductive health 69
Polycystic ovary syndrome 69
Female fertility 69
Male fertility 70
Erectile dysfunction 70
Contraceptive failure 70
Pregnancy 70
Urology 71
Urinary incontinence 71
Benign prostatic hyperplasia 71
Kidney stones 71
Chronic kidney disease 71
Psychological and social difficulties 71
Stigmatisation 71
Depression 72
Dementia 72
Dermatology 72
Skin infections 72
Acanthosis nigricans 72
Psoriasis 72
Pressure sores 73
Stretch marks 73
Differences in risk between ethnic group 73
Children and adolescents 74
Mortality 74
Societal impact of obesity 75
Economic impact of obesity 75
Web pages and resources 77
Further reading 77
Chapter 4: Causes of obesity 78
Energy balance 78
Energy intake 78
Regulation of energy intake 79
Energy expenditure 80
Influences on obesity 81
Individual influences on obesity 82
Biological/genes 82
Sex 82
Age 83
Socioeconomic status 84
Ethnicity 85
Intrapersonal 86
Interpersonal 87
Environmental factors 88
Microenvironmental 89
Macroenvironmental 90
Economic development 90
Food taxes 90
Urban design 91
Food industry 92
Web pages and resources 93
Further reading 93
Chapter 5: Individual interventions to treat obesity 95
Consultation 95
1. Screening to identify risk and willingness to change 96
2. Counselling to provide information and increase motivation 97
3. Referral for those at high risk to intervention 98
4. Follow-up to track progress and overcome barriers 98
Adult interventions 98
Non-clinical interventions targeting obesity 99
Diet 99
Reduced-energy diet (RED) 101
Low-energy diet (LED) 101
Very-low-energy diets (VLED) 101
Fixed-energy-deficit (FED) 101
Physical activity 101
Behavioural 102
Child interventions 103
Drug therapy 105
Anti-obesity drugs 106
Lipase inhibitors 107
Appetite suppressants 108
Surgical intervention 108
Web pages and resources 113
Further reading 113
Chapter 6: Population approaches to preventing obesity 114
Population approach 114
Targeting, development and monitoring 115
Targeting 115
Development 116
Monitoring 116
Multifactorial approach 117
Policy 117
Information 119
Fiscal intervention 120
Legislation 121
Stakeholders 122
National government 122
Local government 122
Health and social services 123
International agencies 123
Private sector 123
Media 124
Other stakeholders 124
Settings 124
Schools 124
Work place 125
Communities 125
Web pages and resources 128
Further reading 128
References 130
Chapter 1 130
Chapter 2 132
Chapter 3 133
Chapter 4 134
Chapter 5 136
Chapter 6 137
Index 140
References 148
Chapter 1 148
Chapter 2 154
Chapter 3 157
Chapter 4 165
Chapter 5 176
Chapter 6 182

Textauszug

2

Obesity prevalence and trends

There are a number of surveillance programmes which describe prevalence figures for obesity measurements on a national level. Data from these surveys are drawn on to present the most recent figures at the time of publication in the UK and Ireland, North America and Australasia.

UK and Ireland prevalence figures

England

Adult prevalence

The 2010 Health Survey for England (HSE) found that for adults aged 16 years and over, 26.2% of men and 26.1% of women were obese; additionally 67.8% of men and 57.8% of women were overweight or obese. It also reports that 34.2% of men and 46.4% of women have a raised waist circumference, whilst only 42.0% of men and 41.1% of women have no increased risk using the BMI and waist circumference WHO classifications; see Table 2.1.1

Table 2.1

Prevalence of WHO classifications for adults in England, Health Survey for England 2010

Not applicable

1.1

1.5

No increased risk

42.0

41.1

Increased risk

21.7

13.8

High risk

12.3

18.9

Very high risk

22.8

24.6

Source: Health Survey for England 2010 Copyright © 2012, Re-used with the permission of The Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

Child prevalence

The 2010 HSE also describes prevalence amongst children using the UK90 thresholds. Amongst boys aged 2 to 15 years, 17.1% were classified as obese and 31.4% were overweight or obese. For girls of the same age, the figures were 14.8% and 29.2% respectively.1

The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) collects data from large numbers of children in two primary school year groups in England every year. Prevalence figures from the most recent programme can be found in Table 2.2. These come from the 2010/11 academic year and use UK90 growth charts to determine BMI status.2

Table 2.2

Prevalence of BMI status for children in England, NCMP 2010/11

Reception (4 to 5 years of age)

Boys

10.1

23.9

Girls

8.8

21.4

Year 6 (10 to 11 years of age)

Boys

20.6

34.9

Girls

17.4

31.8

Source: National Health Service Information Service 2012. National Childhood Measurement Programme, England, school year 2010/11.

Both the HSE and the NCMP collect measured height and weight from which BMI is calculated. The HSE also collects waist circumference measurements for adults. This allows raised waist circumference and the WHO classification of increased risk to be calculated.

The Health Survey for England (HSE) is a series of annual surveys designed to measure health and health-related behaviours in adults and children in England. It has a series of core elements that are included every year and special topics that are included in selected years. Anthropometric measurements are included in the core topics, and so BMI and obesity data are produced for every year of the survey. Details on the HSE, along with publications and data can be found at the National Health Service (NHS) Information Centre (IC) website: www.ic.nhs.uk

Details on the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) can be found in the Case Study in Chapter 1 (Box 1.1). Information and publications on the NCMP can be found through the NHS Information Centre website: www.ic.nhs.uk. Further information and publications can be found through the Public Health England Obesity Knowledge and Intelligence team website who publish users’ guides for those people wishing to use NCMP data as well as providing interactive e-atlases, in which NCMP data for all years of the study can be presented for different regions in England and mapped against other regional measures: www.noo.org.uk.

Scotland

Adult prevalence

The 2010 Scottish Health Survey (SHeS) reports that for adults over the age of 16 years, 27.4% of men and 28.9% of women are obese whilst 67.8% of men and 62.4% of women are overweight or obese.3

Child prevalence

For children aged 2 to 15 years, according to UK90 growth charts, 15.6% of boys were obese and 31.1% overweight or obese; for girls of the same age the figures were 12.9% and 28.5% respectively.3

The SHeS collects measured height and weight data that are converted into BMI. The Scottish Health Survey was introduced in 1995 with data collections in 1995, 1998 and 2003. The continuous Scottish Health Survey began in January 2008 and ran continuously from 2008 to 2011. An annual report is published for each year of the survey, whilst a contract has recently been awarded to continue the survey for a further four years from 2012 to 2015. Information on the SHeS along with publications and statistics can be found through the Scottish Executive Government website: www.scotland.gov.uk

Wales

Adult prevalence

Results from the 2010 Welsh Health Survey (WHS) estimate that for adults aged 16 years and above 22% of men and 21% of women were obese and 63% of men and 52% of women were overweight or obese.4

Child prevalence

Using UK90 growth charts for children aged 2 to 15 years the WHS found that 23% of boys were obese and 38% overweight or obese, whilst 16% of girls were obese and 34% overweight or obese.4

The WHS collects self-reported height and weight data rather than measured data. The WHS was established in October 2003 and is an annual survey that runs all year round. The WHS is commissioned by the Welsh Assembly Government to provide information about the health of people in Wales. NatCena, a not-for-profit independent social research organisation, has been involved in the survey since its inception. Information, publications and data from the WHS can be found through the Welsh Assembly Government website: wales.gov.uk

Northern Ireland

Adult prevalence

The 2005/06 Northern Ireland Health and Social Wellbeing Survey found that for adults 16 years and older 25% of men and 23% of women were obese, whilst 64% of men and 53% of women were overweight or obese.5 In 2010/11 the Health Survey Northern Ireland reported that 23% of men and women were obese, with 77% of men overweight and obese compared to 53% of women.6

Child prevalence

Using UK90 growth charts data from the 2005/06 Northern Ireland Health and Wellbeing Survey found that for children aged 2 to 15 years, 20% of boys were obese and 39% overweight or obese, whilst 15% of girls were obese and 31% were overweight or obese.5 The 2010/11 Health Survey Northern Ireland presented child prevalence figures determined by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) growth curves, suggesting that 8% of boys and 9% of girls were obese, whilst a similar percentage of both sexes were overweight or obese (27%).6

The Northern Ireland Health and Social Wellbeing Survey (NIHSWS) was commissioned by the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety and commissioned the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) to conduct the fieldwork for the survey. The survey was conducted in 1997, 2001 and 2005/06. Information, results and publications can be found through the NISRA website: www.csu.nisra.gov.uk

The Health Survey Northern Ireland is a new Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety survey that will run every year on a continuous basis; 2010/11 was the first year of data collection.

Information on this survey can be found through the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety website: www.dhsspsni.gov.uk

Ireland

Adult prevalence

Measured data from the 2007 Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition in Ireland (SLÁN) found that for adults aged 18 years and above, 24% of men and 26% of women were obese, whilst 69% of men and 59% of women were overweight and obese. The SLÁN also collected self-reported height and weight statistics, which reported that 16% of men and 13% of women were obese, with 59% of men and 41% of women overweight or obese, lower than for measured prevalence.7 The 2011 National Adult Nutrition Survey found that for adults aged 18 years and above 45.7% of men and 33.3% of women were obese, whilst 71.3% of...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.4.2014
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe ► Hebamme / Entbindungspfleger
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Pflege
• Themenwelt: Studium ► Querschnittsbereiche ► Prävention / Gesundheitsförderung
• ISBN-10: 0-7020-4720-1 / 0702047201
• ISBN-13: 978-0-7020-4720-6 / 9780702047206