Medical Physics (eBook)

Exercises and Examples

Wieland Alexander Worthoff, Hans Georg Krojanski, Dieter Suter (Autoren)

eBook Download: PDF

2014
221 Seiten
De Gruyter (Verlag)
978-3-11-030676-7 (ISBN)

Infos

This textbookcontains acomprehensive collection of exercises in medical physics with numerous illustrations - ideally suited for teaching and learning. Introductory sections summarize contents and learning targets of each chapter.

D. Suter, TU Dortmund; H. G. Krojanski, RRZN; W. Worthoff, FZ Jülich.

Autor

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D. Suter, TU Dortmund; H. G. Krojanski, RRZN; W. Worthoff, FZ Jülich.

Inhalt

Preface 5
Part I Physics of the Body 11
1 Breathing and Metabolism 13
Overview 13
1.1 Breathing 14
1.2 Human Elevation Limits 16
1.3 Oxygen Transfer in the Brain 17
1.4 Photosynthesis 19
1.5 Erythrocytes: Oxygen Transport in the Body 21
1.6 Network Theory of the Human Breathing Apparatus 22
1.7 Transport Phenomena at the Cell Membrane 25
1.8 DielectricMeasurement of Exocytosis Processes 28
1.9 Diffusion and Scale Qualities 30
2 Biomechanics 33
Overview 33
2.1 Achilles Tendon 35
2.2 Bone Structures of the Ulna and Radius 36
2.3 Ski Bindings 41
2.4 Elasticity of the Vertebrae 43
2.5 Lifting a Patient 48
2.6 Animal Proportions 52
2.7 Bones of Uniform Strength 54
2.8 Lifting Weights 55
3 Fluid Dynamics of the Circulatory System 57
Overview 57
3.1 From the Aorta to the Capillaries 59
3.2 The Blood as a Power Fluid 60
3.3 Branching 63
3.4 Bypass 64
3.5 Hemorheometry Using a Rotating Sphere Viscometer 64
3.6 Flow Coefficients 67
3.7 Narrowing of the Aorta 69
3.8 Stepwise Narrowing of the Aorta 73
3.9 Blood Pressure in the Aorta 75
3.10 Pulsatile Blood Flow663.11 Cardiac Output 79
3.12 Mitral Valve Opening Surface 80
3.13 Dialysis 81
4 The Senses 83
Overview 83
4.1 Information Processing 87
4.2 Glasses 87
4.3 Geometry of Glasses Lenses 89
4.4 Optical Illusions 91
4.5 Retina Implantation 92
4.6 Threshold of Vision of the Human Eye 93
4.7 Visual Angle and Resolution 93
4.8 The Aphakic Eye 95
4.9 Threshold of Hearing, and Thermal Motion in Comparison 97
4.10 Sound Propagation 98
4.11 Loudspeakers 99
4.12 Threshold of Hearing 99
4.13 Sound Interference with Point Sources 100
4.14 Echolocation 101
4.15 Impedance Matching 101
4.16 Acoustic Pain Threshold 104
5 Electric Currents, Fields, and Potential 105
Overview 105
5.1 Nerve Conduction in the Giant Axons of Squid 107
5.2 Nerve Stimulation 108
5.3 Electrical Model of a Cell Membrane 108
5.4 Measurement of Cell Membrane Potentials 109
5.5 EKG and Cardiac Dipole 110
5.6 Electric Shock 113
6 Heat 115
Overview 115
6.1 Skiwear 116
6.2 Heat Loss 118
Part II The Physics of Diagnostics and Therapy 121
7 X-Ray Diagnostics and Computer Tomography 123
Overview 123
7.1 Bouguer–Lambert Law1167.2 X-Ray Tubes 129
7.3 Spectrum of an X-Ray Tube 130
7.4 Intensity Attenuation 131
7.5 Contrast 131
7.6 Scattered Radiation 135
7.7 Quantum Noise of an X-Ray Image Intensifier 136
7.8 Fourier Reconstruction of an Image 137
7.9 Radon Transform of a Circular Object 139
7.10 Beam Hardening and Partial Volume Artifacts in CT 140
7.11 Modulation Transfer Function of a CT Scanner 141
8 Ultrasound 145
Overview 145
8.1 Doppler Ultrasound 148
8.2 Impedance Matching for Sound Waves 149
8.3 Bats 152
8.4 Ultrasound Transducer Array 152
8.5 Material of an Ultrasonic Lens 154
8.6 Measurement of the Lens of the Eye using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technique 155
8.7 Ultrasound Transducers 156
9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 157
Overview 157
9.1 Zeeman Effect and Nuclear Spin Resonance 162
9.2 Magnetization and its Relaxation 163
9.3 NMR Pulses and the Rotating Coordinate System 164
9.4 Fat Signal Suppression through Inversion Recovery 166
9.5 Gradient Echo 168
9.6 Contrast in MRI Imaging 169
9.7 BOLD 172
9.8 FOV and Resolution 172
9.9 Slice Selection 173
9.10 Longitudinal Relaxation Time 174
9.11 Frequency and Phase Encoding 175
9.12 Gradient Strength and Field of View (FOV) 176
9.13 Muscle Stimulation Using Pulsed Gradients 177
9.14 Multislice Technique In Spin-Echo Procedure 177
9.15 Turbo Spin-Echo Sequences 178
9.16 Radiation Protection inMRI (HF Absorption) 179
10 Nuclear Diagnostics and Positron Emission Tomography 181
Overview 181
10.1 Decay Reaction 183
10.2 Age of a Mummy 184
10.3 Iodine 185
10.4 Photomultiplier 186
10.5 Radionuclide Generator 188
10.6 Positron Emission Tomography 188
11 Reconstruction Techniques 191
Overview 191
11.1 Discrete Fourier Transform 194
11.2 Transfer Function 194
11.3 Filtered Back Projection 197
12 Radiation Medicine and Protection 203
Overview 203
12.1 Interactions of a High-Energy Primary Photon 206
12.2 Pair Production in Radiation Therapy 207
12.3 Compton Scattering 208
12.4 Radiation Damage from Potassium 208
12.5 Lethal Energy Dose 209
12.6 Fatal Dose Equivalents 209
12.7 Dose Burden from Milk Consumption 212
13 Laser Therapy 213
Overview 213
13.1 Lasers in Ophthalmology 214
13.2 Optical Sizing of Bacteria 215
13.3 Small Particles in Optical Tweezers 217
A Constants, Material Parameters, and Values 223
A.1 Table of Values 223
B Relevant Literature 225
B.1 Physics 225
B.2 Medical Physics 225
B.3 Mathematics 226
B.4 Medicine, Biology, and Chemistry 226
B.5 Manuscripts and Additional References 227

Rezensionen

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"Die Themen und Beispiele sind für den Bereich der medizinischen Physik sehr treffend gewählt und ermöglichen damit auch gleichzeitig eine Vertiefung in die in Vorlesungen und Vorträgen dargestellten Lehr- und Forschungsthemen."
Uwe Pietrzyk, FZ Jülich

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 12.12.2014
• Reihe/Serie: De Gruyter Textbook
• Zusatzinfo: 47 b/w ill., 4 b/w tbl.
• Verlagsort: Berlin/Boston
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Medizinethik
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Schlagworte: Biophysics • Biophysik • medical physics • Medizinische Physik • Medizinphysik
• ISBN-10: 3-11-030676-X / 311030676X
• ISBN-13: 978-3-11-030676-7 / 9783110306767