Biology of the Lobster (eBook)

Homarus Americanus

Jan Robert Factor (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: PDF

1995 | 1. Auflage
528 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-052803-8 (ISBN)

Infos

The widely distributed American Lobster, Homarus americanus, which inhabits coastal waters from Canada to the Carolinas, is an important keystone species. A valuable source of income, its abundance or rarity often reflects the health of ecosystems occupied by these crustaceans. This comprehensive reference brings together all that is known of these fascinating animals. It will appeal to biologists, zoologists, aquaculturalists, fishery biologists, and researchers working with other lobster species, as well as neurobiologists looking for more information on the model system they so often use. - First comprehensive book on the American lobster since Herrick's century-old monograph - Provides crucial background for neurobiologists who use this crustacean as a model organism - Contains a comprehensive treatment of the lobster fishery and its management

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Biology of The Lobster: Homarus americanus 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 14
Preface 16
Chapter 1. Introduction, Anatomy, and Life History 18
I. Introduction 18
II. Anatomy 20
III. Life History 21
References 28
Chapter 2. Taxonomy and Evolution 30
I. Introduction 30
II. Taxonomy and Systematic Hierarchy 30
III. Evolution 32
IV. Summary 36
References 36
Chapter 3. Larval and Postlarval Ecology 40
I. Introduction 40
II. Hatching and Larval Release 40
III. Larval Development and Metamorphosis 42
IV. Growth and Survival 43
V. Behavior 50
VI. Directions for Further Research 58
VII. Summary 58
References 60
Chapter 4. Postlarval, Juvenile, Adolescent, and Adult Ecology 64
I. Introduction 64
II. Life History Phases 64
III. General Distribution Patterns of Lobsters 66
IV. Postlarval Lobsters 69
V. Juvenile and Adolescent Lobsters 76
VI. Adult Lobsters 85
VII. Community Role of Lobsters 95
VIII. Directions for Further Research 96
IX. Summary 97
References 98
Chapter 5. Fishery Regulations and Methods 106
I. Introduction 106
II. Regulations 106
III. Nature of the Fishery 117
IV. Community-Based Management 124
V. The Lobster Fishery in the Year 2020 125
VI. Summary 125
References 125
Chapter 6. Populations, Fisheries, and Management 128
I. Introduction 128
II. History of the Fishery 128
III. Population Structure 131
IV. Population Dynamics and Vital Rates 133
V. Population and Management Models 144
VI. Forecasting Models 148
VII. Summary 149
References 150
Chapter 7. Interface of Ecology, Behavior, and Fisheries 156
I. Introduction 156
II. Estimation of Abundance 156
III. Stock Identity 160
IV. Growth and Mortality 161
V. Maturity and Fecundity 163
VI. Habitat Limitation 164
VII. Directions for Further Research 165
VIII. Summary 165
References 166
Chapter 8. Aquaculture 170
I. Introduction 170
II. Culture Systems and Strategies 175
III. Water Management 188
IV. Economics and Marketing 189
V. Summary 190
References 190
Chapter 9. Reproduction and Embryonic Development 194
I. Introduction 194
II. Sexual Differentiation 195
III. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 195
IV. Anatomy and Histology of the Male Reproductive Tract 197
V. Gametogenesis 201
VI. Structure of the Gametes 203
VII. Spermatophores 207
VIII. Mating 209
IX. Ovulation and Spawning 210
X. Fertilization 211
XI. Egg Attachment and Loss 215
XII. Embryonic Development 216
XIII. Directions for Further Research 227
XIV. Summary 228
References 229
Chapter 10. Control of Growth and Reproduction 234
I. Introduction 234
II. Molting and Growth 235
III. Maturation and Reproduction 257
IV. Directions for Further Research 273
V. Summary 274
References 276
Chapter 11 Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology 284
I. Introduction 284
II. Anatomical and Histological Organization of the Nervous System 285
III. Chemistry of the Nervous System 290
IV. Molecular Basis of Chemical Action 294
V. Neural Regulation of Peripheral Targets 296
VI. The "Integrated" Lobster: Central Neurons, Circulating Neurohormones, Postural Regulation, and Behavior 299
VII. Directions for Further Research 301
VIII. Summary 302
References 302
Chapter 12. Muscles and Their Innervation 308
I. Introduction 308
II. Muscles 308
III. Motor Innervation 317
IV. Sensory Innervation 325
V. Directions for Further Research 325
VI. Summary 327
References 327
Chapter 13. Behavior and Sensory Biology 330
I. Introduction 330
II. Behavior 331
III. Sensory Biology 347
IV. Directions for Further Research 359
V. Summary 360
References 361
Chapter 14. The Feeding Appendages 366
I. Introduction 366
II. Mouthparts 366
III. Walking Legs and Claws 398
IV. Directions for Further Research 408
V. Summary 408
References 409
Chapter 15. The Digestive System 412
I. Introduction 412
II. Foregut 412
III. Midgut 424
IV. Hindgut 440
V. Tegumental Glands of Esophagus and Rectum 441
VI. Midgut-Hindgut Transition 443
VII. Development and Metamorphosis of the Digestive System 444
VIII. Directions for Further Research 455
IX. Summary 455
References 456
Chapter 16. Digestive Physiology and Nutrition 458
I. Introduction 458
II. Digestive Physiology 459
III. Nutritional Parameters of Natural Diets 462
IV. Ration Formulation and Feeding 465
V. Directions for Further Research 473
VI. Summary 474
References 475
Chapter 17. Circulation, the Blood, and Disease 482
I. Introduction 482
II. Circulation 482
III. Hemolymph 490
IV. Hemocytes 492
V. Hematopoietic Tissue 500
VI. Disease 505
VII. Directions for Further Research 508
VIII. Summary 508
References 509
Chapter 18. The Physiology of Gas Exchange, Circulation, Ion Regulation, and Nitrogenous Excretion: An Integrative Approach 514
I. Introduction 514
II. Respiration: Gas Exchange and Transport 514
III. Circulation 521
IV. Integrated Respiratory and Circulatory Responses and Physiological 526
V. Osmotic and Ionic Regulation and Nitrogen Excretion 529
VI. Integrated Responses and Physiological Compensation 531
VII. Directions for Further Research 532
VIII. Summary 533
References 533
Index 536

Textauszug

Chapter 1

Introduction, Anatomy, and Life History

Jan Robert Factor    Division of Natural Sciences, Purchase College, State University of New York Purchase, New York 10577

I Introduction

It has been 100 years since the publication of the first monograph on the American lobster, Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards, 1837. In 1895,1 Francis Hobart Herrick presented the sum of knowledge that had accumulated during the 19th century (and earlier) in his monograph “The American Lobster: A Study of Its Habits and Development.” Again in 1909,2 Herrick summarized the state of contemporary understanding of this important species in “Natural History of the American Lobster.” The intense interest in the American lobster during this period was stimulated by the economic importance of the fishery, concern over the declining state of the fishery, and the potential of aquaculture, as well as by the general advance of biology, the interest in American species, and the application of contemporary techniques. These same factors continue to stimulate our interest in this important species.

In the intervening years, burgeoning fields such as ecology, population biology, physiology,and neurobiology have added to the growth of information about lobsters in general. Significant bibliographies of homarid lobsters have been produced by R. D. Lewis (1970) and W. S. W. Nowak (1972). By the late 1970s, J. Stanley Cobb and Bruce F. Phillips (1980a,b) recognized the need to review our understanding of the various clawed and spiny lobsters from around the world.

Few invertebrates have attracted as much attention for such a long period of time as Homarus americanus. The more recent explosion of information, when added to the generally superb earlier work, presents a bewildering array of research papers, facts, and opinions. This volume is intended to impose a degree of order and overview on this vast literature and to provide a modern perspective on the American lobster.

Individual chapters summarize our understanding of particular fields of research from modern viewpoint, yet with historical perspective. Bringing together such a variety of topics in one place also serves to highlight the diversity of our interests in Homarus americanus. Areas of overlap among related chapters, although generally considered from somewhat different perspectives, point out the natural interrelatedness among many topics. The liberal use of cross-referencing will guide the reader to related material found elsewhere in the volume.

It is inherently problematic to break up the naturally integrated biology of an animal into discrete subjects. From an ecological perspective, for example, it is difficult to draw the traditional line between the premetamorphic larval stages (stages I–III) and the postmetamorphic stages (beginning with the postlarva, stage IV). Rather, Ennis (Chapter 3) considers the ecology of the planktonic stages (larvae and the early, presettlement postlarva), while Lawton and Lavalli (Chapter 4) deal with the ecology of the benthic phases (beginning with the settling postlarva and continuing through the adult). Lawton and Lavalli (Chapter 4) have brought together physiology, ecology, and behavior into a coherent rationale for the terms applied to the life history phases of Homarus americanus.

The interrelationships among population biology, genetics, and fishery management are elucidated by Miller (Chapter 5) and Fogarty (Chapter 6), and the integration of fisheries with the ecology and behavior of Homarus americanus is discussed by Cobb (Chapter 7). The relationship of these fields, as well as reproductive and nutritional biology, to the longstanding interest in lobster aquaculture is made clear by Aiken and Waddy (Chapter 8).

The neurobiology of Homarus americanus is considered in three related chapters on neurobiology and neuroendocrinology (Beltz, Chapter 11), muscles and their innervation (Govind, Chapter 12), and behavior and sensory biology (Atema and Voigt, Chapter 13).

The complex processes of feeding and digestion illustrate the intimate connections among ecology (Ennis, Chapter 3, and Lawton and Lavalli, Chapter 4), sensory biology (Atema and Voigt, Chapter 13), functional morphology of appendages (Lavalli and Factor, Chapter 14), structure and organization of the digestive system (Factor, Chapter 15), and physiology of digestion and nutrition (Conklin, Chapter 16).

Additional links are also obvious, such as those between mating behavior (Atema and Voigt, Chapter 13) and the physiology of reproduction (Talbot and Helluy, Chapter 9), between the behavioral and physiological mechanisms of reproduction and the exogenous and endogenous control mechanisms of reproductive processes (Waddy, Aiken, and de Kleijn, Chapter 10), and between the nature of the circulatory system and blood cells (Martin and Hose, Chapter 17) and the integrated physiology of Homarus americanus (McMahon, Chapter 18).

This monograph is focused as tightly as possible on the American lobster, Homarus americanus. It is not intended to be a wide-ranging review of crustacean or decapod biology. Limited comparisons with closely related species, however, point out particularly interesting points of similarity or difference, or serve to fill in gaps in our understanding of H. americanus. It is not assumed that the closely related, yet distinct (Williams, Chapter 2), European lobster (H. gammarus) is identical to the American lobster (H. americanus) in any aspect of its biology, unless there is evidence to support specific instances.

When considered together, the chapters in this volume provide a level of overview and synthesis that is rarely possible in research reports or reviews of limited aspects of the literature.

II Anatomy

The segmented body of Homarus americanus is organized into three regions: head, thorax, and abdomen. Each segment bears a pair of appendages which are modified for particular functions within and among regions. The head (cephalon) bears sensory and feeding appendages, antennae and mouthparts; the thorax bears feeding and locomotory appendages, mouthparts and pereiopods (“walking legs”); and the abdomen (“tail”) bears locomotory and reproductive appendages, pleopods (“swimmerets”) and the tail fan. The head and thorax are fused into a cephalothorax, which is covered dorsally and laterally by a carapace that partially obscures the segmentation of the body. The body of a mature adult lobster is illustrated in Fig.1; although not all of the appendages are visible in this dorsal view, they are listed in Fig. 2, along with their regional and functional organization.

Figure 1 Adult lobster, Homarus americanus. Dorsal view. Length of specimen, 18.5 inches total length (TL); weight, 11.75 pounds; age, “probably about 16 years.” (Drawn from life by Philip B. Hadley, 1906; labels added.)

Figure 2 The appendages of Homarus americanus.

The anteriormost head appendages, the first and second antennae, serve sensory functions. The mouthparts comprise the last three appendages of the head region (mandible and first and second maxillae) and the first three thoracic appendages (first through third maxillipeds). The first pereiopods are exaggerated into the great claws (chelipeds, great chelae), and the second through fifth pereiopods serve as walking legs. In addition to the mouthparts, the pereiopods are also used in feeding, especially the first three pairs, which are chelate (Lavalli and Factor, Chapter 14). Among the abdominal appendages, the first pleopod is sexually dimorphic; it forms the hardened sexual intromittent organ of the male (gonopod) and is reduced in the female. The second through fifth pleopods serve as swimmerets and carry the fertilized eggs of the ovigerous female. The sixth abdominal segment bears paired, biramous, flattened uropods, which appear to represent highly modified pleopods. The telson, the posterior terminus of the body, may or may not represent a true body segment or somite (discussed by Schram, 1986). The uropods, together with the telson, form the “tail fan” used in escape behavior when the abdomen is flexed rapidly (Atema and Voigt, Chapter 13). All of the appendages are fundamentally biramous (with both endopodite and exopodite), but the exopodites of the pereiopods are lost at metamorphosis.

McLaughlin (1980) and Felgenhauer (1992) consider the general internal anatomy of decapod crustaceans. The best overview of the internal anatomy of Homarus americanus, specifically, remains Herrick’s (1909) account. His cutaway view shows the position and gross shape of the major organs and is reproduced as Fig. 3. Additional details of internal anatomy are presented in the chapters of this volume that cover the various organ systems.

Figure 3 Drawing of the internal anatomy of the adult lobster, Homarus americanus. (From Herrick, 1909, plate XXXIII.)

III Life History

The life history of Homarus americanus can be divided into a...

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 24.10.1995
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Humanbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Limnologie / Meeresbiologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• Themenwelt: Weitere Fachgebiete ► Land- / Forstwirtschaft / Fischerei
• ISBN-10: 0-08-052803-1 / 0080528031
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-052803-8 / 9780080528038