Lead (eBook)

Chemistry, Analytical Aspects, Environmental Impact and Health Effects

Jose S. Casas, Jose Sordo (Herausgeber)

eBook Download: EPUB

2011 | 1. Auflage
366 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-046388-9 (ISBN)

Infos

Lead covers the salient aspects of the chemistry of lead, its environmental impact, and its effects on health.
The technical, economic and social importance of Lead, at the present time, is beyond all doubt. However, over the last few decades little attention has been given to its behaviour (the properties and applications of its compounds, the environmental distribution of these derivatives, and their impacts on living creatures), this book addresses that gap.
It includes coverage of historical aspects, lead mining and production, metal properties, common lead compounds, uses of lead and its derivatives, coordination chemistry, organometallic chemistry, environmental chemistry, toxicity mechanisms, and treatment strategies for lead poisoning. Finally, describing analytical procedures for the determination of lead in chemical, biological and environmental samples.
* Written by a team of university teachers and researchers with extensive experience in the fields of the chemistry, analytical determination and environmental and health impact of lead and other heavy metals
* For readers interested in the chemistry and biochemistry of lead and its effects on ecosystems
* Provides comprehensive knowledge about lead toxicity and preventive measures against lead poisoning

Inhalt

Front Cover 1
Table of Contents 8
Preface 6
CHAPTER 1 An overview of the historical importance, occurrenees isolation, properties and applications of lead 14
1. Historical importance 14
1.1. Historical uses 15
1.2. Historical production and resources 19
1.3. The historical evolution of lead poisoning 25
2. Occurrence and isolation 30
2.1. Occurrence 30
2.2. Production 32
2.2.1. Primary production 32
2.2.2. Secondary production 34
3. Properties 37
3.1. Atomic properties 37
3.2. Physical properties 38
3.3. Chemical properties 39
3.3.1. The element 39
3.3.2. Oxidation states 40
4. Applications 48
4.1. Lead metal 48
4.2. Lead compounds 51
References 51
CHAPTER 2 Lead(II) coordination chemistry in the solid state 54
1. Introduction 54
2. The structural relevance of the lead(II) 6s2 lone pair 55
3. Structural characteristics of the coordination compounds of lead(II) in the solid state: some relevant examples 64
3.1. Coordination number lower than four 64
3.2. Coordination number four 72
3.3. Coordination number five 77
3.4. Coordination number six 79
3.5. Coordination number higher than six 86
3.6. Pb...Pb bonding interaction in lead(II) coordination compounds 99
3.7. Coordination of lead(II) with biomoleeules 100
3.8. Coordination of lead(Il) to chelation therapy agents 106
References 109
CHAPTER 3 Organolead Chemistry 113
1. Introduction 113
2. Tetraorganolead compounds, PbR4 114
3. Triorganolead species, [PbIVR3]+ and [PbIIR3]- 117
4. Polynuclear organolead(IV) compounds containing Pb-Pb bonds 118
5. Diorganolead(II) compounds, :FbRa (Plumbylenes), Diplumbenes, R2PbPbR2 and cycloplumbanes [PbR2]n 119
6. Plumbocenes and other pi-complexes 126
7. Organolead hydrides 134
8. Organolead halides 134
8.1. Organolead(IV) halides 134
8.2. Grganolead(II) halides 135
9. Organolead compounds containing Pb-O, Pb-S, Pb-Se, Pb-Te bonds 138
9.1. Oxygen compounds 138
9.2. Sulfur compounds 140
9.3. Selenium and tellurium compounds 142
10. Organolead compounds containing Pb-N, Pb-P, Pb-As, Pb-Sb bonds 143
10.1. Nitrogen compounds 143
10.2. Phosphorus, arsenic and antimony compounds 143
11. Organolead compounds containing Pb-Si, Pb-Ge, Pb-Sn bonds 144
12. Organolead compounds containing Pb-M bonds 145
13. Hypervalent organolead compounds 147
14. Supramolecular-self assembly of organolead compounds 151
15. Seleted uses 157
16. Structural 207Pb NMR spectroscopy 158
16.1. Lead (II) compounds 159
16.2. Lead (IV) compounds 159
References 162
CHAPTER 4 Environmental occurrence, health effects and management of lead poisoning 171
1. Introduction 171
2. Lead in the environment 172
2.1. Occurrence 172
2.2. Sources of lead in our environment 172
2.2.1. Lead based paint 173
2.2.2. Food, drinking water and air 174
2.2.3. Domestic environment 176
2.2.4. Soil and dust in and about the home 176
2.2.5. Industries 177
2.3. Intake 177
2.3.1. Food 177
2.3.2. Air 177
2.3.3. Dust 178
2.3.4. Intake of lead shot 178
2.4. Accumulation 178
2.4.1. Accumulation by aquatic organisms 180
2.4.2. Accumulation by terrestrial flora and fauna 180
2.4.3. Accumulation in the vicinity of highways and in urban areas 180
2.4.4. Accumulation of lead from industrial sources 181
3. Occupational lead poisoning 181
4. Biological aspects 182
4.1. Lead metabolism 182
4.1.1. Absorption 182
4.1.2. Distribution and retention 183
4.1.3. Excretion 184
5. Biochemical and toxicological effects 184
5.1. Lead impairment of normal metabolic pathways 184
5.2. Target organs or systems 185
5.2.1. Hematopoietic system 185
5.2.2. Renal effects 187
5.2.3. Neurological and neurobehavioral effects 188
5.2.4. Immunological effects 192
5.2.5. Reproductive toxicity 193
5.2.6. Effects on bone 194
5.2.7. Carcinogenic effects 195
5.2.8. Cardiovascular disorders 195
5.3. Mechanism of lead induced toxicity 198
5.3.1. Oxidative stress 198
5.3.2. Ionic mechanisms for lead toxicity 201
5.3.3. Lead and apoptosis 203
5.4. Symptoms and biochemical indicators (Diagnosis) of lead toxicity 204
5.4.1. Acute toxicity 204
5.4.2. Chronic toxicity 205
5.4.3. Clinical biochemical indicators 206
5.4.4. Provocative test/CaNa2EDTA mobilisation test 207
6. Preventive measures for lead toxicity 208
6.1. Role of micronutrients 208
6.2. Role of vitamins 210
6.3. Role of antioxidants 213
7. Therapy 214
7.1. Chelation treatment 214
7.1.1. Calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA) 214
7.1.2. D-penicillamine 215
7.1.3. Meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 216
7.1.4. Sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-l-sulphonate (DMPS) 217
7.2. Limitations of current chelating agents 220
7.3. Recent developments in the chelation of lead 222
7.3.1. Synthesis of new chelator 222
7.3.2. Combination therapy 224
7.3.3. Role of dietary nutrients during chelation of lead 226
8. Conclusion 232
References 233
CHAPTER 5 Analytical procedures for the lead determination in biological and environmental samples 242
1. Levels of lead and their implications for analytical techniques 242
2. Preanalytical steps: sampling and conservation 243
3. Some analytical methods for lead determination 244
3.1. UV-VIS absorption spectrometry 244
3.1.1. General aspects 244
3.1.2. Absorbing species 247
3.1.3. Spectrometers: general concepts 250
3.1.4. Instruments 252
3.1.5. Spectrophotometric determination of lead 254
3.2. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) 255
3.2.1. General aspects 255
3.2.2. Flame atomization (FAAS) 257
3.2.3. Interferences in FAAS 262
3.2.4. Lead determination by FAAS 264
3.2.5. Electrothermal Atomization (ETAAS) 265
3.2.6. Interferences in ETAAS 267
3.2.7. The stabilized temperature platform furnace (STPF) 271
3.2.8. Lead determination by ETAAS 272
3.3. Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) 273
3.3.1. ICP 274
3.3.2. Sample introduction 274
3.3.3. Plasma Emission Spectrometers 277
3.3.4. Interferences 278
3.3.5. Lead determination by ICP-AES 281
3.4. Inductively coupled atomic mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 281
3.4.1. General aspects 281
3.4.2. Interferences in TCP-MS 283
3.4.3. Lead determination by ICP-MS 284
3.5. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) 285
3.6. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) 286
3.6.1. General aspects 286
3.6.2. Instrument components 286
3.6.3. X-ray fluorescence spectrometers 290
3.6.4. Advantages and limitations of X-ray fluorescence methods 291
3.7. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) 292
3.7.1. General aspects 292
3.7.2. Lead determination in blood by ASV 296
4. Lead determination in biological samples 297
4.1. General aspects 297
4.2. Blood samples 297
4.3. Urine samples 301
4.4. Tissues samples 303
5. Lead determination in environmental samples 305
5.1. Lead determination in plants 305
5.2. Lead determination in soils and sediments 310
5.3. Lead determination in water 315
6. Quality control and reference materials for lead analysis 322
7. Speciation of lead 328
7.1. General aspects 328
7.2. Sampling, storage and pretreatment 329
7.2.1. Environmental samples 329
7.2.2. Biological samples 331
7.3. Analytical techniques for lead speciation 331
7.3.1. Electrochemical methods 332
7.3.2. Chromatography-Spectroscopic Methods 332
References 337
Index 352

Produkt-Details

• Erscheint lt. Verlag: 13.10.2011
• Sprache: englisch
• Themenwelt: Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe
• Themenwelt: Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Pharmakologie / Toxikologie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Biochemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Analytische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Anorganische Chemie
• Themenwelt: Technik
• ISBN-10: 0-08-046388-6 / 0080463886
• ISBN-13: 978-0-08-046388-9 / 9780080463889